Exposure mitigation

Currently, there are only a few cases where biomarkers can be used for quantitative exposure assessment. Biomarkers can be used to indicate that a person has been exposed and that the chemical has been absorbed into the body. They can often be used to rank exposure among individuals. Biomarkers alone cannot provide information on the source, route, or duration of exposure. Even with these limitations, biomarkers, when appropriately validated, can effectively be used to evaluate trends in these exposures (CDC, 2005) and determine the effect of exposure mitigation strategies as well as predict target tissue dose. 

Chikhliwala E. D M. Oliver, and P. R. Jann. 1989. Exposure Mitigation Shelters during a Toxic Gas Release. In L. J. Brasser and W. C. Mulder. (Eds.) Man and His Ecosystem Proceedings of the 8th World Clean Air Congress at The Hague, Netherlands, September, 11-15, Vol. 1, pp. 265-270. Amsterdam Elsevier Science Publishers. 

Research Needs 369 EXPOSURE MITIGATION 369 Protection Factors 369 Labeling 370 Re-entry Intervals 371... 

OCCUPATIONAL AND RESIDENTIAL RISK ASSESSMENT 371 AOELs Versus MOEs 371 Route Considerations 372 Uncertainty and Safety Factor Selection 372 Aggregation and Cumulative Risk Assessment 372 CO-OPERATIVE REGULATORY ACTIVITIES 373 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 374 Terminology 374 Framework 374 Data Requirements 374 Methodological Guidance 375 Development and Utility of Databases 375 Modeling Initiatives 375 Data Analysis 375 Metric Selection 376 Research Needs 376 Exposure Mitigation 376 Risk Assessment 376 REFERENCES 376... 

Mitigation Reducing the risk of an accident event sequence by taking protective measures to reduce the likelihood of occurrence of the event, and/or reduce the magnitude of the event and/or minimize the exposure of people or property to the event. 

With rubber base adhesives, it is necessary to prevent their properties from changing during service life. Oxidative changes induced by thermal, ozone exposure and UV light can dramatically affect service life of rubber base adhesives. More precisely, the rubber and the resin are quite susceptible to oxidative degradation. Environmental and physical factors exert detrimental effects on rubber base adhesive performance. These effects can be mitigated by the incorporation of low levels of stabilizers during the fabrication process of the adhesive. 

Exposure control is an administrative approach to mitigation that uses behavioral methods, such as ... 

Each alternative should be assessed in terms of the extent to which it mitigates short- and long-term potential exposure to any residual contamination and protects human health, both during and after implementation of the corrective measure. 

Protection from Fire Exposure and Pressure Relief Considerations - Pressure relief valves cannot protect a vessel that becomes locally overheated on an unwetted surface, although they do prevent the pressure from rising beyond the accumulation pressure of the valve. However, in such a case the vessel may be effectively protected against failure by either one of two methods for mitigating the effect of fire ... 

Mitigation The lessening of die risk of an accidental event. A sequence of action on the source in a preventive manner by reducing the likelihood of occurrence of the event, or in a protective manner by reducing the magnitude of the event and for the exposure of local persons or property. 

Tools are available to assist in comparing the risk associated with two or more different processes. For example, the first sheet of the Dow Fire and Explosion Index (FEI) (Dow, 1994b) ranks the safety characteristics of the process from a fire/explosion standpoint, without taking credit for protective and mitigation features. The Dow Chemical Exposure Index (CEI) (Dow, 1994a) and Id s Mond Index (ICI, 1985 Tyler, 1985) are other ranking tools. 

Coadministration of dexrazoxane Chelation of iron in the heart, correction of iron dysregulation or mitigation of free radical formation Approved for use in patients who continue DOX above 300 mg/m2 or require another anthracycline after a prior exposure to 300 mg of DOX/m2... 

This may be due, in part, to the limited information on toxic effects associated with such exposures. If additional information becomes available indicating adverse health effects of long-term exposures, then studies examining methods for mitigating the effects of such exposures would become a data need. 

Data collected in drift studies may later be interpreted in risk assessments in conjunction with toxicity data for specific sensitive areas. Eor example, a risk assessment for determination of appropriate mitigation (if necessary) may include field study data on exposure risk from drift, along with information on other routes of exposure (e.g., dislodgable residues, runoff, etc.) and toxicity data from laboratory and/or field study models. The results of such an assessment may be used to estimate whether a given exposure represents a hazard to any specific entity or ecosystem. 

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