MEDIUM-CHAIN CHLORINATED

A further five chemicals (bisphenol A, deca-bromodiphenyl ether, medium-chained chlorinated paraffins, phthalates, trichloroethylene) were included due to information provided by regulators during interviews or available in referenced literature... 

F.M. Christensen S.I. and Olson, Risk assessment of Short and Medium Chain Chlorinated Paraffin s (SCCP and MCCP), Technical Report, Technical University of Denmark, 2002. 

MCCP Medium chained chlorinated paraffin(s) (C14-C16-alkyl derivatives)... 

Reth M, Ciric A, Christensen GN, Heimstad ES, Oehme M (2006) Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in biota from the European Arctic- differences in homologue group patterns. Sci Total Environ 367 252-260... 

Muir D, Braekevelt E, Tomy G, Whittle M (2002) Analysis of medium chain chlorinated paraffins in Great Lakes food webs and in a dated sediment core from Lake St. Francis in the St. Lawrence River system. Preliminary report to Existing Substances Branch, Environment Canada, Hull, Quebec. 9 pp... 

Keywords Chlorinated paraffins, Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), Medium chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs), Analytical methods, Mass spectrometry... 

Houde M, Muir DCG, Tomy GT, Whittle DM, Teixeira C, Moore S (2008) Bioaccumulation and trophic magnification of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in food webs from Lake Ontario and Lake Michigan. Environ Sci Technol 42 3893-3899... 

Pribylova P, Klanova J, Holoubek I (2006) Screening of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in selected riverine sediments and sludge from the Czech Republic. Environ Pollut 144 248-254... 

Dick TA, Gallagher CP, Tomy GT (2009) Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in fish, water and soils from the Iqaluit, Nunavut (Canada), area. Int J Environ Waste Manage... 

Reth M, Zencak Z, Oehme M (2005) First study of congener group patterns and concentrations of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in fish from the North and Baltic Sea. Chemosphere 58 847-854... 

Reth M, Oehme M (2004) Limitations of low resolution mass spectrometry in the electron captme negative iomzation mode for the analysis of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins. Anal Bioanal Chem 378 1741-1747... 

Long range transport atmospheric transport Medium chain chlorinated paraffins Tandem-mass spectrometry... 

Poon R, Lecavalier P, Chan P, Viau C, Hakansson H, Chu I, Valli VE (1995) Subchronic toxicity of a medium-chained chlorinated paraffin in the rat. J Appl Toxicol 15 455 63... 

Interannual changes in production of total chlorinated paraffins (CPs) reported by the Flame Retardant Chemicals Association of Japan (FRCJ) [2] are shown in Fig. 2. FRCJ also reported the production and shipment of SCCPs, medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs), and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs) in 2001 [2] as shown in Table 1. It indicates that 500 tons per year of SCCPs were shipped, suggesting that SCCPs were not used for polyrvinyl chloride. In the Kanto region, 500 tons per year of SCCPs were mainly used in oil fluids. In contrast, nearly 200 tons of SCCPs were shipped to the Kansai region for other uses including flame retardant additives and lipid additives for rubber, paint, and adhesives. As shown in Table 1, approximately half of SCCPs were used in oil fluids and the other half for other products. 

While the 15 halogenated POPs and PAHs are best analysed by GC-ECD and GC-MS, many other organic compounds in current use have similar physical properties and can be expected to partition to sediments in aquatic systems although they may be less persistent. The nony 1 phenol ethylate surfactants have been shown to be relatively persistent in sediments. Analysis by HPLC-triple quad MS permitted the ethoxylates and nonyl phenol to be determined simultaneously (Shang et al., 1999). The short and medium chain chlorinated paraffins, which are complex mixtures of C10-C17 chlorinated n-alkanes, have been determined in sediments by GC-high resolution ECNI MS (Tomy et al., 1997, Tomy Stern, 1999) following conventional extraction and cleannp procedures (Fig. 1). 

Draft EU risk assessments have been circulated for HBCD, TBBA, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and the isopropyl equivalent, tris (2-dichlorethyl) phosphate and 2-2-bis(chloromethyl)trimethylene bis (bis(chloroethyl)phosphate), as well as medium-chain chlorinated paraffins. 

Chlorinated paraffins are very complex mixtures and are often divided into several groups depending on the chain, length of the starting material and the amount of chlorine in the final product. Three major groups are short-, medium- and long-chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs and LCCPs). 

As their name implies, chlorinated paraffins are chlorinated derivatives of paraffinic hydrocarbons. They are referred to in this review as polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs) because they are produced by chlorination of n-alkane feedstocks. Commercial PCA mixtures fall into different categories C10-C13 (short), C 4-C17 (medium) and C2o-C30 (long). These mixtures are further subcategorized into their weight content of chlorine 40-50%, 50-60%, and 60-70% [1,2]. Knowledge of the environmental chemistry of PCAs is needed because the physical properties of short and medium chain mixtures are similar to those of the... 

Ballschmiter K (1994) Determination of short and medium chain length chlorinated paraffins in samples of water and sediment from surface water. Abt Anal Chem und Umweltchem. 10 May 1994. Unpublished data report... 

After biosynthesis of the polyester and separation of the bacterial biomass from the supernatant, the required recovery process (typically a solid-liquid extractiOTi procedure) can constitute another not negligible cost factor, especially in large-scale production. Here extraction solvents that can easily be recycled will be of interest [53]. In order not to leave the patterns of sustainability in biopolymer production, it will be indispensable to concentrate the development of new extraction processes on such recyclable solvents that are also of environmentally sound nature [54], Typical harmful chlorinated solvents like chloroform must be avoided. A PHB production process embedded in an ethanol production plant has the advantage to utilise the medium chain length alcohol fraction (fusel alcohols) from the distillery step, consisting mainly of iso-pentanol. The application of the fusel alcohols as extracting solvents unites two important points On the one hand, this liquid normally constitutes a surplus product that has little market value. When used as an extraction solvent the costs for alternative solvents are saved. Furthermore, this extraction solvent is less harmful to handle than the classical extraction solvent chloroform [27],... 

Short-chain (SCCPs), medium-chain (MCCPs), and long-chain (LCCPs) CPs all have industrial applications and similar environmental concerns. CPs are viscous, colorless or yellowish dense oils with low vapor pressures, except for those of long carbon chain length with high chlorine content (70%), which are solid. CPs are practically insoluble in water, lower alcohols, glycerol and glycols, but are soluble in chlorinated solvents, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, ethers, mineral oils and some cutting oils. They are moderately soluble in unchlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons [1]. 

Environment Canada (2003) Data collected from Notice with Respect to Short-, Medium-and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins. Canada Gazette, Part I, November 30, 2002 (cited in [2])... 

Thomas GO, Earrar DG, Braekevelt E, Stem GA, Kalantzi OI, Martin EL, Jones KC (2006) Short and medium chain length chlorinated paraffins in UK human milk-fat. Environ Int... 

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