Polychlorinated alkanes

The left-hand term in eq. 9.3.6 corresponds to the n-alkyl contribution and the right-hand term to the functional group contribution. Nc is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule and rc is a constant. The contribution parameters a and be refer to the alkyl group and the parameters bf and bfc to the functional group. For compounds with homogeneous multifunctional groups (e.g., alkanediols or polychlorinated alkanes), the model takes the following form ... 

Mabey, W.R., Barich, V., Mill, T. (1983) Hydrolysis of polychlorinated alkanes. In Symposium of American Chemical Society 23, pp. 359-361 of 186th National Meeting, Washington, DC. 

Although the direct reaction of elemental silicon with alkyl chlorides has been extensively studied and a vast number of reports are available in the literature, the reactions with polychlorinated alkanes such as methylene chloride and chloroform are scarce, possibility due to the intractability of the non-volatile high molecular weight products often obtained. 

As their name implies, chlorinated paraffins are chlorinated derivatives of paraffinic hydrocarbons. They are referred to in this review as polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs) because they are produced by chlorination of n-alkane feedstocks. Commercial PCA mixtures fall into different categories C10-C13 (short), C 4-C17 (medium) and C2o-C30 (long). These mixtures are further subcategorized into their weight content of chlorine 40-50%, 50-60%, and 60-70% [1,2]. Knowledge of the environmental chemistry of PCAs is needed because the physical properties of short and medium chain mixtures are similar to those of the... 

Fisk AT, Weins SC, Bergman A, Muir DCG (1998) Accumulation and depuration of sediment-sorbed C12 and C16-polychlorinated alkanes by oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variega-tus). Environ Toxicol Chem 17 2019-2026... 

Bergman A, Hagman A, Jacobsson S, Jansson B, Ahlman M (1984) Thermal degradation of polychlorinated alkanes. Chemosphere 13 237-250... 

Peters PJ,Tomy GT, Stern GA, Jones KC (1998) Polychlorinated alkanes in the atmosphere of the United Kingdom and Canada-analytical methodology and evidence of the potential for long-range transport. Organohalogen Compds 35 439-442... 

Mabey W. R., Barich V., and Mill T. (1983) Hydrolysis of polychlorinated alkanes. American Chemical Society. Prepr. Ext. Abstr. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Environ. Chem. 23(2), 359-361. 

Pure organic mobile phases, e.g., mixtures of hexane and methanol, dioxane, or isopropanol, are readily compatible with LC-APCI-MS. Because some users dislike the use of hexane, ethoxynonafluorobutane has been suggested as an inflammable alternative [91]. Nonaqueous RPLC with a propionitrile-hexane solvent gradient in combination with positive-ion APCI was performed in the LC-MS analysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) [92] (Ch. 21.3.1). Another example is the LC-MS analysis of polychlorinated -alkanes on bare silica and with chloroform as the mobile phase [93]. Under these conditions, chloride-enhanced APCI can be applied to generate [M+C1] adduct ions, which suppresses the loss of Cl from the polychlorinated -alkanes. 

A. Bergman, A. Hagman, S. Jacobsson, B. Jansson, M. Ahlman, Thermal degradation of polychlorinated alkanes, Chemosphere, 13 (1984), 237-250. 

Alkanes, C10-C13, chloro CJi(2x-y+2)Cly, whereX = 10-13 andy = 1-13 CAS No. 85535-84-8, EINECS No. 287 76-5 Synonyms alkanes, chlorinated alkanes (C10-C13), chloro-(50-70%) alkanes (C10-C12), chloro-(60%) chlorinated alkanes, CPs chloroalkanes chlorocarbons polychlorinated alkanes paraffins-chlorinated Notes that there is a range of commercially available C10-C13 CPs... 

Cooley HM, Fisk AT, Weins SC, Tomy GT, Evans RE, Muir DCG (2001) Examination of the behavior and liver and thyroid histology of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to high dietary concentrations of Cjo, Cn> C12 and C14 polychlorinated alkanes. Aquat Toxicol 54 81-99... 

The first goal of this review is to describe to the community of environmental analytical chemists how the polychlorinated alkane (PCA) or chlorinated paraffin (CP) compounds they use for calibration and other purposes are prepared. This was an achievement of the last decade and therefore, it will be a chronological description with personal tribute to those few good men and women who have made it possible. 

Fisk AT, Cymbalisty CD, Tomy GT et al (1998) Dietary accumulation and depuration of individual C10-, Cn- and Ci4-polychlorinated alkanes by juvenile rainbow trout (Oncor-hynchus mykiss). Aquat Toxicol 43 209-221... 

Jensen SR, Brown WA, Heath E et al (2007) Characterization of polychlorinated alkane mixtures - a Monte Carlo modeling approach. Biodegradation 18 703-717... 

CoeUian M, Saraci M, Parlar H (2000) A comparative study of polychlorinated alkanes as standards for the determination of C10-C13 polychlorinated paraffins in fish samples. Chemosphere 40 685-689... 

Mabey WR, Barich V, Mill T. 1983. Hydrolysis of polychlorinated alkanes. In Symp Amer Chem Soc Div Environ Chem 186th Natl Mtg. Washington DC. 23 359-361. 

For halogenated aliphatics, dehydrohalogenations are abiotic. Polychlorinated alkanes undergo dehydrohalogenation under extreme basic conditions, and at pH 7 [11], These reactions generally follow bimolecular kinetics, depending on hydroxide ion concentration. At... 

Polychlorinated alkane determinations NCI has frequently been used to identify chlorinated hydrocarbons and other chlorinated compounds such as toxaphene, chlorinated paraffins, chlorinated styrenes, chlorinated diphenylethers, pentachlorophe-nol, chlorinated pesticides, and pesticide metabolites. Even if the molecular ion cannot be detected in all... 

A large number of pubUcations have resulted from research on environmental appHcations of GC-MS. The compounds most commonly analyzed include alkanes, PAHs, pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including off-flavor and water disinfection by-products (DBPs), PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and furans (PCDDs/Fs), as well as other ED chemicals such as phthalates and short ethoxy alkylphenol ethoxylate. GC-MS is also the technique of choice for the analysis of emerging contaminants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) or polychlorinated alkanes, as well as for the analysis of some pharmaceuticals and organo-metallic compounds. 

The high proportion of chlorine in these analytes appears with intense and characteristic isotope patterns. With the nonaromatic compounds (polycyclic polychlorinated alkanes made by Diels-Alder reactions, e.g. Dieldrin, Aldrin) spectra with large numbers of lines are formed through extensive fragmentation of the molecule. These compounds can be readily analysed using negative Cl, whereby the fragmentation is prevented. 

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