Mediator release, induced

All the RyR channels are gated by cytoplasmic Ca2+, known as Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR). CICR functions as an amplifier of small Ca2+ signals in various excitable and non-excitable tissues and well documented in E-C coupling in the heart. In addition, RyRl can also mediate depolarization-induced Ca2+ release (DICR) , which is controlled by some protein-protein interactions. DICR is the principal Ca2+ release mode in E-C coupling in the skeletal muscle. 

Swartz CM, Breen K, Leone F Serum prolactin levels during extended cocaine abstinence. AmJ Psychiatry 147 777—779, 1990 Sziraki I, Sershen H, Hashim A, et al Receptors in the ventral tegmental area mediating nicotine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Neurochem Res 27 253-261, 2002... 

DW Jr, Bochner BS. Gillis S. Zsebo KM. Galli SJ, Lichtenstein LM The human recombinant c-kit 49 receptor ligand, rhSCF, induces mediator release from human cutaneous mast cells and enhances IgE-dependent mediator release from both skin mast cells and peripheral blood basophils. J Immunol 1992 149 599. sO... 

TO Mjorndal, SE Chesrown, MJ Frey, BR Reed, WM Gold. (1978). Effect of increased cyclic AMP on antigen-induced mediator release and function in canine lung in vivo. Clin Res 26 539A. 

The answer is d. (Katzung, pp 336-3373 The inhibitory effect of mediator release of cromolyn is cell specific In mast cells exposed to cromolyn, inhibition of the early response occurs to antigen challenge, while in eosinophils, it affects the late response, and in basophils it has almost no effect on mediator release. Cromolyn is effective in anti gen-induced asthma, occupation-exposure asthma, and in some cases of intrinsic asthma. Administration of cromolyn by inhalation is most effective in treating patients. 

Sitte, H. H., Huck, S Reither, H., Boehm, S., Singer, E. A., and PiU, C. (1998) Carrier-mediated release, transport rates, and charge transfer induced by amphetamine, tyramine, and dopamine in mammalian cells transfected with the human dopamine transporter../. Neu-rochem. 71,1289-1297. 

McFarland K, Lapish CC, Kalivas PW. 2003. Prefrontal glutamate release into the core of the nucleus accumbens mediates cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. J Neurosci 23(8) 3531-3537. 

Disorders of nervous system mediator release may be caused by aspartame, monosodium glutamate (MSG) ( Chinese restaurant syndrome , Hot-dog headache, or glutamate-induced asthma), and sulphites found in dried fruit, vegetables, pickled vegetables, and fruit juices. 

Complement. Complement is an extensive series of glycoproteins and protein inhibitors whose function includes major cytolytic effects, mediation of opsonization, and modulation of inflammatory responses. Activation of this system plays an important role in host defense leading to destruction of microorganisms. It also results in generation of anaphylotoxins which induce mediator release and "split products" that mediate membrane damage, either directly through structural alteration or indirectly, via cell chemotaxis and regulation. 

Rettori, V., Gimeno, M., Lyson, K., and McCann, S. M. (1992). Nitric oxide mediates norepinephrine-induced prostaglandin E2 release from the hypothalamus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 11543-11546. 

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