Media mineral salts

Amdoun et al. [72] analyzed the effect of B5 medium mineral salts (NO3, H2PO4 and ) on tropane alkaloids production in D. stramonium hairy roots. In addition, they evaluated the occurrence of interaction effect s. The results reported revealed that NOs, H2PO4 and Ca and several combinations of these compounds induced alkaloids production [72]. They found that deficiency of NOs reduced alkaloid metabolism even in combination with an elicitor [72]. 

A suitable fermentation medium contains water and a source of assimilable carbon and nitrogen and essential mineral salts. A typical medium suitable for production of chlorodemethyltetracycline is as follows ... 

Microbial insecticides are very complex materials in their final formulation, because they are produced by fermentation of a variety of natural products. For growth, the bacteria must be provided with a source of carbon, nitrogen, and mineral salts. Sufficient nutrient is provided to take the strain of choice through its life cycle to complete sporulation with concomitant parasporal body formation. Certain crystalliferous bacilli require sources of preformed vitamins and/or amino acids for growth. Media for growing these bacilli may vary from completely soluble, defined formulations, usable for bench scale work, to rich media containing insoluble constituents for production situations (10,27). Complex natural materials such as cottonseed, soybean, and fish meal are commonly used. In fact, one such commercial production method (25) is based on use of a semisolid medium, a bran, which becomes part of the final product. 

In highly saline brines, which were collected from the Vassar Vertz Sand Unit, Pajme County, Oklahoma, diverse populations of anaerobic, heterotrophic bacteria were present. All strains grew in a mineral salts medium containing glucose, yeast extract, and casamino acids in the presence of NaCl concentrations of up to 20% by weight [177],... 

Methanogenesis Co2+ 40 pM Methanosarcina sp. Mineral salts medium containing bicarbonate buffer and 1 mM sulfur 66... 

Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 Mineral salts medium 24... 

Cd2+ 334 pM Burkholderia sp. Mineral salts medium containing 1.05 mM phosphate 85... 

The pH of a medium also impacts the formation of metal-phosphate precipitates. For example, divalent ionic cadmium (Cd2+) concentrations rapidly decline as both phosphate concentration and pH increase. Sandrin and Hoffman121 determined that when no phosphate is present in a commonly used mineral salts medium, the concentration of divalent ionic cadmium remains relatively constant until an abrupt decline above pH 8. When 15 mM inorganic phosphate is added to the medium, divalent cadmium ion concentrations rapidly decline at pH values above only 6. 

Benka-Coker, M.O. and Ekundayo, J.A., Effects of heavy metals on growth of species of Micrococcus and Pseudomonas in a crude oil/mineral salts medium, Bioresour Technol, 66 (3), 241-245, 1998. 

CYKS1 Nocardia sp. Strain NA medium 30°C, 0.3 mM DBT, Mineral salts [27]... 

The Nitrogen Availability Assay [376] consists of growth tests under defined conditions using mineral salts medium and organonitrogen compounds as sources of carbon and/or nitrogen. Probe molecules include quinoline, pyridine, carbazole, and porphyrin. Growth tests are performed using six conditions ... 

Strains were grown in mineral salt medium at 30°C aerobically in darkness with or without 10 per cent H2. 

A Flavobacteriumsp. (ATCC 27551), isolated from rice paddy water, degraded parathion to 4-nitrophenol. The microbial hydrolysis half-life of this reaction was <1 h (Sethunathan and Yoshida, 1973 Forrest, 1981). When parathion (40 pg) was incubated in a mineral salts medium containing 5-day-old cultures of Flavobacterium sp. ATCC 27551, complete hydrolysis occurred in 72 h. The major degradation product was 4-nitrophenol (18.6 iig) (Sudhaker-Barik and Sethunathan, 1978a). 

Limonene (92) is the most widely distributed terpene in nature after a-pinene [68]. The (+)-isomer is present in Citrus peel oils at a concentration of over 90% a low concentration of the (-)-isomer is found in oils from the Mentha species and conifers [26]. The first data on the microbial transformation of limonene date back to the sixties. A soil Pseudomonad was isolated by enrichment culture technique on limonene as the sole source of carbon [69]. This Pseudomonad was also capable of growing on a-pinene, / -pinene, 1-p-menthene and p-cymene. The optimal level of limonene for growth was 0.3-0.6% (v/v) although no toxicity was observed at 2% levels. Fermentation of limonene by this bacterium in a mineral-salts medium resulted in the formation of a large number of neutral and acidic products. Dihydrocarvone, carvone, carveol, 8-p-menthene-1,2-cw-diol, 8-p-menthen-1 -ol-2-one, 8-p-menthene-1,2-trans-diol and 1 -p-menthene-6,9-diol were among the neutral products isolated and identified. The acidic compounds isolated and identified were perillic acid, /Msopropenyl pimelic acid, 2-hydroxy-8-p-menthen-7-oic acid and... 

More recently the biotransformation of limonene by another Pseudomonad strain, P. gladioli was reported [76,77]. P. gladioli was isolated by an enrichment culture technique from pine bark and sap using a mineral salts broth with limonene as the sole source of carbon. Fermentations were performed during 4-10 days in shake flasks at 25°C using a pH 6.5 mineral salts medium and 1.0% (+)-limonene. Major conversion products were identified as (+)-a-terpineol and (+)-perillic acid. This was the first time that the microbial conversion of limonene to (+)-a-terpineol was reported, see pathway 4. The conversion of limonene to a-terpineol was achieved with an enzyme, a-terpineol dehydratase (a TD), by the same group [78]. The enzyme, purified more than tenfold after cell-disruption of Pseudomonas gladioli, stereospecifically converted (4 )-(+)-limonene to (4/ )-(+)-a-terpineol or (4S)-(+)-limonene to (4S)-(+)-a-terpineol. a-Terpineol is widely distributed in nature and is one of the most commonly used perfume chemicals [27]. 

By enrichment culture technique, a bacterium was isolated from local sewage sludge, utilising caryophyllene as the sole source of carbon and energy [103]. Fermentation of / -pinene by this culture in a mineral salt medium (Seuberf s medium) at 30°C with agitation and aeration for four days yielded a few neutral and acidic transformation products. The metabolites isolated and identified were camphor (2), bomeol (1),... 

Two bacterial strains, one from soil and the other from infected local beer, which utilised calarene as the sole source of carbon and energy have been isolated by enrichment culture techniques [149]. Both these bacteria were adapted to grow on valencene as the sole carbon source. Fermentations of valencene (5) by these bacteria of the genus Enterobacter in a mineral salts medium yielded several neutral metabolic products dihydro alpha-agarofuran (200) (7.5%), nootkatone (6) (12%), another ketone (201) (18%) and a-cyperone (202) (8%), Fig. (40). 

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