Emissions to water

Regarding the total number of emissions to water, around 120 are included. About 25% of the waterborne emissions are covered by characterisation factors for human toxicity, and for ecotoxicity, the corresponding figure is 37% of the total number. The waterborne emissions from the material and disposal stage also include unspecific types like COD, TOC, VOC and suspended matter, for which information of the actual content is not available. Only 3.1% of the total emitted quantity (by weight) is covered by characterisation factors for human toxicity, and... 

QWASL As QWASI focuses on aquatic systems, either one or more of the following input data is needed in order to calculate the partitioning of substances between air, water, and sediment Emissions to water, concentration in effluents, or concentration in (emitted) air. For lead, the SFA-study estimated that approximately 9,020 kg of Pb is being emitted to water each year (0.02 kg year-1 from... 

Under the applied QWASI model assumptions, the QWASI results are in the range of measured data reported in literature and thus support that the strongest impact to sediment and water concentrations of DeBDE are from direct emission to water as opposed to atmospheric concentrations. This result points out the high importance of DeBDE-leaching from deposited waste material and a lower meaning of the fraction that is transferred to the atmosphere. 

Pb concentration in the environment, on the other hand, is strongly influenced by air concentration and rain rate, in addition to direct emissions to water. For this metal the exposure pathway via burning gains a high importance among the different informal recycling processes. 

Exposure in humans could occur in persons living or working in the vicinity of hazardous waste sites if emissions to water, air, and soil are not adequately controlled. Chlorobenzene has been found at 97 out of 1,177 NPL hazardous waste sites in the United States. Thus, federal and state surveys suggest that chlorobenzene is not a widespread environmental contaminant. The chemical has not... 

The same sources that emit elemental phosphorus to air are also responsible for its emission to water. In its initial states of operation, the ERCO plant in Newfoundland, Canada, which produced white phosphorus, discharged 68-91 kg/day of colloidal white phosphorus into the Long Harbor inlet of Placentia Bay in Newfoundland. Elemental phosphorus was found in both the effluent water and the bottom sediment of Long Harbor (Davidson et al. 1987 EPA 1991). White phosphorus is also expected to be found in the effluents from user industries where it is converted into products such as phosphoric acid and phosphate, detergents, fireworks, insecticide, rat poisons, flotation agents, and red phosphorus (Idler et al. 1981). 

To address emissions of flame-retardants, a Voluntary Emissions Control Action Program (VECAP ) was initiated by the Bromine Science and Environmental Forum (BSEF).112 The VECAP Pilot program was initiated in the U.K. textiles industries in 2004 to reduced emissions of deca-BDE in line with the Code of Good Practice. After 1 year of implementation, the U.K. Pilot Program achieved a 75% reduction in emissions to water.113 The second year, a total of 90% reduction in emissions was then realized. 

For instance, the German Textile Trade Association (TEGEWA) has developed a method to rank and label chemicals according to three levels of priority for reducing emissions to water [491]... 

Metal Metal production Emissions to air Emissions to soil Emissions to water... 

Table 5 illustrates the grouping of effluents and emissions to water, air, and solid waste. 2 ft is important to note that the mass in these categories cannot be simply added to produce a meaningful environmental index because some are associated with much more significant environmental impacts than others. The process of converting all of these outputs to useful burden index measures is a part of the inventory assessment process. 

Table 7 Emissions to Water by Process Stage for Designs (From Ref. 14)... 

This group of EPIs represents the bulk of the environmental impact arising from a company s activities. Emissions to water, land and air are widely reported (80%, 89%, 89%, respectively). 

Emissions to water a yes score has been given since TRI data is provided for the USA, and some COD data is included for international operations. 

Emissions to water figures are given in the CER for discharges to surface water and to external treatment plants. The combined figures are given below. For discharges to external treatment plants efficiency factors are not given in the report. 

Emissions to water discharges are covered under TRI discharges to all media . 

Emissions to water specific initiatives in controlling emissions to water mentioned in the report include the modernisation of a wastewater treatment plant in Brazil and the removal of nitrogen from effluent at BASF Schwarzheide. 

Emissions to water year 2000 targets for these emissions were set in... 

Emissions to water a graph is included for discharges of pollutants to water from BOC gases. Between 1992/3 and 1995/6 discharges fell from 2000 tonnes to 1000 tonnes, but rose in 1996/7 to 1400 tonnes. No breakdown is given for the major pollutants. 

Emissions to water in line with CEFIC guidelines Ciba s contribution to the load discharged from shared treatment facilities has been calculated. Efficiency factors are not provided and increases in heavy metal concentrations are not discussed. 

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