Coating thickness, determination

The results found for the coating controlled parts allow to consider during the testing the exploitation of the information provided by the measured variation impedance for the processed products by the coating thickness determination and low frequency homogeneity and to evaluate the high frequency coating nature. 

Nutrients are released from POLYON-coated fertilizers by osmotic diffusion. The RLC process permits appHcation of ultrathin, hence lower cost, membrane coatings which distinguishes this technology from many other polymer-coated fertilizers. The coating thickness determines the diffusion rate and the duration of release. POLYON-coated urea at a 4% coating (44% N) will release at twice the rate and will have half the duration as an 8% coating... 

Coating thickness, determination, see Film thickness, determination Cobalt, concentration by use of ion-exchange membrane, 235 determination by x-ray emission spectrography, 328... 

Fig. 5.27. Variation of tensile strength of copper coated carbon fibers as a function of coating thickness determined by single fiber pull-out test. After Abraham et al. (1992).

Embedding/polishing for phase identification, coating thickness determinations, elemental spatial distributions mapping, elemental diffusion gradient/penetration determinations, quantitative analysis, and so on. 

Operation and Control. The amount of current appHed to the part determines the speed of which the anodic film is formed. Generally, a current density of 12.9—25.8 m A/cm (12—24 A/ft ) is appHed to produce a coating thickness of 10—20 p.m (0.4—0.8 mils) per 20 minutes. Most coatings range in thickness from 5—50 p.m (0.2—2.0 mils). 

DETERMINATION OF COATINGS THICKNESS BY MEANS OF DESK-TOP XRF SPECTROMETERS... 

In order to choose the type of coating and determine the necessary coating thickness, many practice-oriented tests would have to be carried out in which the evaluation of damage areas and choice of service conditions are not always comparable [42-44]. However, information on the various thickness ranges of the PE coating in Ref. 4 was deduced from such experiments. 

The pads are fabricated of steel with a babbitt coating, the thickness determined by the same argument as stated for the liner bearing. The... 

Each coating method has its own particular advantages, which are really the decisive factors in determining which one is used for a given purpose. Consideration must be given to the complexity and size of the work, the corrosion resistance, and hence the coating thickness needed, and the quality of finish required. 

Tin plate, thickness of tin coating on, determination by x-ray spectrography, 148, 149, 157, 158 Tissues, determination of dry weight by absorptiometry, 297-300 Tissue sections, biological, determination of mineral elements in, 301-305 Titanium, as internal standard in vanadium determination, 188 determination by x-ray emission spectrography, 222, 329 trace analysis by x-ray emission spectrography, 163, 225-229 Topaz, as analyzing crystal, 116-118, 220, 318-327 Total reflection, 112, 117... 

Sol-gel coating technique for optical chemical sensors and biosensors is now in extensive research phase. For example, the side-coating of optical fibers or waveguides in evanescent-wave sensors it is particularly important to control precisely the sensitivity determining parameters, such as the coating thickness and length45. 

The outer and core radii were determined from optical resonance measurements using Mie theory solutions (Aden and Kerker, 1951 Bohren and Huffman, 1983) for concentric spheres to interpret the resonance spectra. Figure 36 presents some of the data of Ray et al. for a pure component glycerol droplet and for a coated droplet having an initial coating thickness given by yo = 0-321. Here y is a reduced thickness defined by y = (a - aj/a. 

Release behaviors in the region of parameters described by these figures are useful in determining experimental values of these parameters. In particular, the diffusion coefficient in the coating can be approximated from delay times and coating thicknesses, and the diffusion coefficient in the kernel can be derived from later behavior. Distribution coefficients may be revealed in some cases by permeabilities and diffusion coefficients. 

The determination of the thickness of the layers of fat and lean tissue in animal flesh is the most popular use of ultrasound in the food industry at present [5,6]. In fact there are over a hundred references pertaining to this application of ultrasound in the Food Science and Technology Abstracts (1969-1993). In contrast to most other applications of ultrasound in the food industry, which have rarely developed further than use in the laboratory, there are a number of commercial instruments available for grading meat quality [6, 30-32]. This application is based on measurement of time intervals between ultrasonic pulses reflected from boundaries between layers of fat, lean tissue and bone. Ultrasonic techniques have the advantage that they are fairly cheap, easy to operate and give predictions of meat quality of live animals. Other examples of thickness determinations include liquid levels in cans or tanks, thickness of coatings on confectioneries, egg shell thickness. 

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