Measurements California

Also included in this table are some average execution times for the thermodynamic subroutines measured for the CDC 6400 of the Computer Center, University of California, Berkeley. 

The fluid properties of formation water may be looked up on correlation charts, as may most of the properties of oil and gas so far discussed. Many of these correlations are also available as computer programmes. It is always worth checking the range of applicability of the correlations, which are often based on empirical measurements and are grouped into fluid types (e.g. California light gases). 

Fowlef measured the turbidity of air at Mt. Wilson, California, on a clear day in 1913. Values of rx for dry air at different wavelengths are tabulated below, where x is essentially the thickness of the atmosphere corrected to standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions ... 

CAL 133. California Technical Bulletin 133 is a test of the fire hazard associated with upholstered furniture (22). The test is carried out by igniting a standard fire source directiy on the piece of furniture being tested. In the most recent version of the test, the fire source is a gas flame. Smoke, heat, and toxic gas emissions are measured dufing the test. A related test, BS 5852, uses various wooden cribs as the fire source (23). 

Air Quality Criteria forTead Supplement to the 1986 Addendum, U.S. EPA, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Washington, D.C., 1990. Technical Support Document to Proposed Airborne Toxic Control Measure for Emissions of Toxic Metalsfrom Non-Ferrous Metal Melting, State of California Air Resources Board, Stationary Source Division, Sacramento, Calif., 1992. 

Fig. 15-4. Ethylene concentrations measured by the DIAL system along a 5-km path length near Menlo Park, California. The open circles are ethylene concentrations of samples taken at three ground-level locations near the line of sight and analyzed by gas chromatography. Source Murray, E. A., and Van der Laan, ). E., Appl. Opt. 17, 814-817 (1978).

Raw data must be analyzed and transformed into a format useful for specific purposes. Summary tables, graphs, and geographic distributions are some of the formats used for data display. Air quality information often consists of a large body of data collected at a variety of locations and over different seasons. Table 15-3 shows the tabular format used by the California Air Resources Board to reduce ozone hourly measurements to a format which shows information about compliance with air quality standards (6). The format has location, maximum values, annual means, and number of occurrences of hourly values above a given concentration as a function of the month of the year. One can quickly determine which areas are violating a standard, at what time of the year elevated concentrations are occurring, and the number of good data points collected. 

California Air Resources Board. (1991). Employer-Based Trip Reduction A Reasonably Available Transportation Control Measure. Executive Office. Sacramento, CA Author. California Air Resources Board. (1995). Evaluation of Selected Projects Eunded by Motor Vehicle Registration Fees, Revised. Technical Support Document. Sacramento, CA Author. 

Deakin, E Skabardonis, A and May, A. (1986). Traffic Signal Timing as a Transportation System Management Measure The California Experience. Transportation Research Record 1081. Transportation Research Board. Washiiigto, DC National Research Council. 

The continuous tin-plate thickness gage utilizing Method I (6.2) has a counterpart in the Applied Research Laboratories Quantrol,16 which makes the same measurement by Method II (modified) on electrolytic tin plate at the Kaiser Steel Company, Fontana, California, and elsewhere. 

Several studies have been conducted to measure methyl parathion in streams, rivers, and lakes. A U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) of western streams detected methyl parathion in five river samples taken from four states during a 14-month period in 1970 and 1971. The amount of methyl parathion detected ranged from 0.04 to 0.23 pg/L (Schultz et al. 1973). A later and more extensive USGS study analyzed water samples from major rivers of the United States four times yearly in the period of 1975-1985. Of the 2,861 water samples, 0.1% had detectable levels of methyl parathion (Gilliom et al. 1985). In a study of Arkansas surface waters, samples of lake and river/stream water were collected and analyzed over a three-year period (Senseman et al. 1997). Of the 485 samples collected, methyl parathion was found in one river/stream sample at a maximum concentration of 3.5 pg/L. Results from an EPA study in California detected methyl parathion in 3 of 18 surface drain effluent samples at concentrations of 10-190 ng/kg. Subsurface drain effluent water had concentrations of 10-170 ng/kg in 8 of 60 samples (lARC 1983). 

Methyl parathion and methyl paraoxon concentrations were measured in the condensate from coastal fog in California. Levels ranged from 0.046 to 0.43 pg/L methyl parathion and from 0.039 to 0.49 pg/L methyl paraoxon. The authors noted that the transformation of the methyl parathion to the methyl paraoxon appeared to take place during atmospheric transport of methyl parathion away from the agricultural areas (Schomburg et al. 1991). 

There are two important safety measures that can be taken at very low cost. The first is to equip shelves with guard rails to keep reagent bottles from falling. The height of such rails should be adapted to the size of the containers. This is a requirement in California. The second is to fasten tall objects to the wall, a simple and inexpensive procedure. With bookcases, for example, the books may fall out but the case will stay in position and not tumble down with the whole load. 

FIGURE 11 Duration of bronchodilator activity in an animal model Anesthesized guinea pigs received 1 ymol/kg of terbutaline, free or in liposomes, via intracheal instillation at time zei o. Bronchodilator activity was measured as the reduction in histamine-induced airway resistance. Histamine (10 yg/kg) was administered i.v. prior to each resistance measurement, o saline (n = 3) free drug (n = 3) a liposomal drug (n = 4). (Courtesy of Liposome Technology, Inc., Menlo Park, California.)... 

Wallace LA. 1986. Personal exposures, indoor and outdoor air concentrations and exhaled breath concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds measured for 600 residents of New Jersey, North Dakota, North Carolina, and California. Toxicol Environ Chem 12 215-236. 

Tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. Castlemart ) were collected from vines grown in the field at the University of California, Davis. Pericarp discs were cut from surface sterilized MG stage fruit (10). Droplets (10 n ) of test solutions (see below) were applied to the cut surface of discs and disc ethylene production was measured as described previously (11). The amounts of test materials used were based on colorimetric assay (6) of uronic acid content. 

Schneider M, O Luxenhofer, A Deissler, K Ballschmiter (1998) Cj-C, alkyl nitrates, benzyl nitrate and bifunctional nitrates measurements in California and South Atlantic air and global comparsion using C2Cj4 and CHBrj as marker molecules. Environ Sci Technol 32 3055-3062. 

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