Measurements average values

Table 4 shows that after model validation, the calculated mineral oil content for different paper products (newspaper, magazine, corrugated board, folding boxes from RCP for food and non-food applications) was in the range of the measured average values of about 20% and fits completely in the measured range of minimum and maximum values. 

The interaction between a chemical sensor and the molecules it detects is a dynamic stochastic process. The resultant fluctuations carry a stochastic fingerprint . Conventional sensing methods measure average values and thereby ignore the stochastic component of the signal these sensors are several orders of magnitude less sensitive than the nose of a canine or even a human. 

The first method observed current standards. Risk assessment was based on comparing measured averaged values of power density designated as Sav with the effective action value of power density Sr = 50 W.m . The ratio of both values served for the assessment of the hazard quotient HQ which was overshot only once out of nine posts observed. The value for this post amoimted to HQ3 = 2.65. 

A maximum tolerance of 15% is required for the relative ion intensities of each SRM transition of an analyte in comparison to the calculated or measured average values from calibration standards under identical MS/MS conditions, in particular the collision energy and collision gas pressure. 

Values are expressed in terms of counts per minute per milli am P, calculated to the basis of 10 counts injected per minute per kilogram body weight, as of the day of measurement. Average values are italicized. 

Suppose that the system property A is of interest, and that it corresponds to the quantum-mechanical operator A. The average value of A obtained m a series of measurements can be calculated by exploiting the corollary to the fifth postulate... 

As already mentioned, the choice of the supercooled liquid as reference state has been questioned by some workers who use the saturation vapour pressure of the solid, which is measured at the working temperature in the course of the isotherm determination. The effect of this alternative choice of p° on the value of a for argon adsorbed on a number of oxide samples, covering a wide range of surface areas, is clear from Table 2.11 the average value of is seen to be somewhat higher, i.e. 18 OA. ... 

The significance of these numbers is seen as follows.The average values of A log t are to be added to the log t values at 126 or 130°C to superimpose the latter curves on the one measured at 128°C. Since these values are added to log t values, the effect is equivalent to multiplying the individual t values at 126 and 130°C by the appropriate antilogs to change the time scale in the individual runs to a common time scale. Using the case of 6 = 0.5 as an illustration, we see the following times are required to reach this level of crystallinity ... 

The effective saturation depth,, represents the depth of water under which the total pressure (hydrostatic plus atmospheric) would produce a saturation concentration equal to for water ia contact with air at 100% relative humidity. This can be calculated usiag the above equation, based on a spatial average value of T, measured by a clean water test. For design purposes,, can be estimated from clean water test results on similar systems, and it can range from 5 to 50% of tank Hquid depth. Effective depth values for coarse bubble diffused air, fine bubble diffused air, and low speed surface aerators are 26 to 34%, 21 to 44%, and 5 to 7%, of the Hquid depth, respectively. 

The octane value of an unknown fuel sample is determined by comparing its knocking tendency to various primary reference fuels. Its measured octane is equal to the octane of the PRE which has the same knocking intensity. Knock intensity is controlled to an average value by varying the compression ratio of the CER engine. In practice, the exact value of a fuel s octane number is determined to the nearest 0.1 octane number by interpolation from two PREs that are no more than two octane numbers apart. 

Health and Safety Factors. MEK is slightly more toxic than acetone, but is not considered highly toxic, and nor does it exhibit cumulative toxicological properties. The OSHA time weighted average iu air is 200 ppm other measured toxicity values are shown iu Table 3. Methyl ethyl ketone is highly flammable. 

The average value of the rephcates is reported along with the standard deviation, which reflects the variabihty in the measurement. Large standard deviations relative to the average measurement indicate the need for an action plan to improve measurement precision. This can be accomphshed through more rephcate measurements or the elimination of the source of variation, such as the imprecision of an instmment or poor temperature control during the measurement. 

Defined as the average value measured in the four principal directions paradel to the fabric surface two across the pile. one with, and one against the... 

These ate the main reactions ia Pordand cements because the two calcium siHcates constitute about 75% of the cement. The average lime—silica ratio (C S) may vary from about 1.5 to about 2.0 or even higher, the average value is about 1.7. The water content varies with the ambient humidity, the three moles of water being estimated from measurements ia the dry state and stmctural considerations. As the lime—silica ratio of the C—S—H iacreases, the amount of water iacreases on an equimolar basis, ie, the lime goes iato the stmcture as calcium hydroxide, resulting ialess free calcium hydroxide. 

It is not practical to determine the contact resistance in power connectors. The resistance of the connection of a specified length of conductor on each side of the connector is measured and is called the overall resistance or the connection resistance. One industry specification (32) defines the included lengths and requites the stabiUty of the connection resistance to be within 5% of its average value throughout the heat-cycle test. 

The first term in Eq. (3-27) represents the voltage drop between the reference electrode over the pipeline and the pipe surface. The second term represents the potential difference AU measured at the soil surface (ground level) perpendicular (directly above) to the pipeline. Average values of the values measured to the left and right of the pipeline are to be used (see Fig. 3-24) [2]. In this way stray IR components can be eliminated. The third term comprises the current densities where, in the switched-off state of the protection installation, there is a cell current J. In the normal case J = 0 and also correspondingly AU f = 0 as well as = t/ ff On... 

Time series plots give a useful overview of the processes studied. However, in order to compare different simulations to one another or to compare the simulation to experimental results it is necessary to calculate average values and measure fluctuations. The most common average is the root-mean-square (rms) average, which is given by the second moment of the distribution. 

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