Depth effect :

The effective saturation depth,, represents the depth of water under which the total pressure (hydrostatic plus atmospheric) would produce a saturation concentration equal to for water ia contact with air at 100% relative humidity. This can be calculated usiag the above equation, based on a spatial average value of T, measured by a clean water test. For design purposes,, can be estimated from clean water test results on similar systems, and it can range from 5 to 50% of tank Hquid depth. Effective depth values for coarse bubble diffused air, fine bubble diffused air, and low speed surface aerators are 26 to 34%, 21 to 44%, and 5 to 7%, of the Hquid depth, respectively. 

Dielectric losses arise from the direct capacitive coupling of the coil and the sample. Areas of high dielectric loss are associated with the presence of axial electric fields, which exist half way along the length of the solenoid, for example. Dielectric losses can be modeled by the circuit given in Figure 2.5.3. The other major noise source arises from the coil itself, in the form of an equivalent series resistance, Rcoii. Exact calculations of noise in solenoidal coils at high frequencies and small diameters are complex, and involve considerations of the proximity and skin depth effects [23],... 

FIGURE 3.39 Photomicrograph of the microfabricated mixer based on eddy diffusion. This mixer is about 100 by 200 pm wide and 10 pm in depth. Effect of mixing is evaluated by bringing in two fluids from channels A and B, and flowing to D. Channel C is not used in this work. The inset show the SEM image of the mixer [493]. Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society. 

Vertical survey. Analysis of data from the vertical surveys shows that the depth effect was not significant, and was eliminated from the sampling programme for the estimation of the spatial and temporal variability. The variations in the physico-chemical parameters, measured with the multiparameter probe, with depth are presented (for positions 1-1, 1-3 and 1-5 along transect I) in Figure 4.5.8 for illustrative purposes. In... 

It then became clear that largely because of transition probabilities but also because of escape-depth effects (surface sensitivity) the multiplet structure of 4/ electrons is indeed best studied with soft X-ray photons. Studies using synchrotron radiation in the range 0—80 eV on RE sulfides (13) fully confirmed this expectation. Only at photon energies greater than 70 eV did the 4/ signal become dominant, but... 

Fig. 2 Composition of metallic surfaces and depth effect of wear mechanisms 1 Adhesive wear 2 Abrasive wear 3 Corrosive wear...

Field, E. H. (2000). A modified ground motion attenuation relationship for southern California that accounts for detailed site classification and a basin depth effect. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 90, S209-S221. doi 10.1785/0120000507... 

The width and interval effects of the cavitations on the flow rate are shown in Figs. 16 and 17. In Fig. 16, the cavitations are deep enough, h = 0.3/7, to eliminate the depth effect on the flow rate and the cavitations interval D = 7/7/4. The results in Fig. 16 indicate that the flow rate decreases with the width of the cavitations. In Fig. 17, both the width and depth of the cavitations are fixed at 77/4, and the interval space changes from one width to nine widths. The results indicate that the sparser the cavitations are, the larger the... 

Anstnann A, Mattis I, Wandinger U, Wagner F, Reichardt J, Deshler T. 1997. Evolution of the Pinatubo aereosol Raman LIDAR observation of particle optical depth, effective radius, mass and surface area over central Europe at 53.4 N . J. Atmos. Sci. 54(22) 2630-2641. 

The variables x and y represent the components of the distance vector between the center of the laser beam and a point of the planar environment. The value of o stands for the standard deviation of the normal distribution q Q,- and characterizes the variance of the distribution. The variable i identifies the different planes and allows for a volumetric heat input (depth effect) due to melt pool dynamics. In particular holds for Q(i) in Eq. (28) ... 

The combined wave and current model for obliquely incident waves by Kobayashi et al is improved by including the finite-depth effect on the relationship between the oscillatory horizontal velocity and free surface elevation as well as the wind stresses for future field applications. The numeric integrations involved in the bottom shear stresses and energy dissipation rate are replaced by sufficiently accurate analytic expressions. These modifications improve the computational efficiency and numeric stability of the wave and current model. The sediment transport model developed by Kobayashi et for normally incident waves is extended... 

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