Average values of measurements

Thus, for each experimental run, the pressure drop across the impingement zone, -Apim, can be obtained from the average value of measured -ApBc and -ApB c and the value of -Apds calculated with Eq. (4.22) as its indirectly measured value ... 

The simulated total thermal input power and the temperature at the drift wall for the entire 49.5-month heating period are presented in Figure 3. The simulated thermal input is based on average values of measured thermal-power input over discrete time periods. During the test, the thermal input was manually reduced with time to limit the rising temperature at the drift wall to about 200°C. Calculated results after 12 months of heating are presented in Figures 4 to 7. 

Suppose that the system property A is of interest, and that it corresponds to the quantum-mechanical operator A. The average value of A obtained m a series of measurements can be calculated by exploiting the corollary to the fifth postulate... 

As already mentioned, the choice of the supercooled liquid as reference state has been questioned by some workers who use the saturation vapour pressure of the solid, which is measured at the working temperature in the course of the isotherm determination. The effect of this alternative choice of p° on the value of a for argon adsorbed on a number of oxide samples, covering a wide range of surface areas, is clear from Table 2.11 the average value of is seen to be somewhat higher, i.e. 18 OA. ... 

The significance of these numbers is seen as follows.The average values of A log t are to be added to the log t values at 126 or 130°C to superimpose the latter curves on the one measured at 128°C. Since these values are added to log t values, the effect is equivalent to multiplying the individual t values at 126 and 130°C by the appropriate antilogs to change the time scale in the individual runs to a common time scale. Using the case of 6 = 0.5 as an illustration, we see the following times are required to reach this level of crystallinity ... 

The effective saturation depth,, represents the depth of water under which the total pressure (hydrostatic plus atmospheric) would produce a saturation concentration equal to for water ia contact with air at 100% relative humidity. This can be calculated usiag the above equation, based on a spatial average value of T, measured by a clean water test. For design purposes,, can be estimated from clean water test results on similar systems, and it can range from 5 to 50% of tank Hquid depth. Effective depth values for coarse bubble diffused air, fine bubble diffused air, and low speed surface aerators are 26 to 34%, 21 to 44%, and 5 to 7%, of the Hquid depth, respectively. 

The average value of the rephcates is reported along with the standard deviation, which reflects the variabihty in the measurement. Large standard deviations relative to the average measurement indicate the need for an action plan to improve measurement precision. This can be accomphshed through more rephcate measurements or the elimination of the source of variation, such as the imprecision of an instmment or poor temperature control during the measurement. 

The first term in Eq. (3-27) represents the voltage drop between the reference electrode over the pipeline and the pipe surface. The second term represents the potential difference AU measured at the soil surface (ground level) perpendicular (directly above) to the pipeline. Average values of the values measured to the left and right of the pipeline are to be used (see Fig. 3-24) [2]. In this way stray IR components can be eliminated. The third term comprises the current densities where, in the switched-off state of the protection installation, there is a cell current J. In the normal case J = 0 and also correspondingly AU f = 0 as well as = t/ ff On... 

Time series plots give a useful overview of the processes studied. However, in order to compare different simulations to one another or to compare the simulation to experimental results it is necessary to calculate average values and measure fluctuations. The most common average is the root-mean-square (rms) average, which is given by the second moment of the distribution. 

The chemical potential of particles belonging to species a and (3 is measured by using the classical test particle method (as proposed by Fischer and Heinbuch [166]) in parts II and IV of the system i.e., we calculate the average value of (e) = Qxp[—U/kT]), where U denotes the potential energy of the inserted particles. 

Distribution functions measure the (average) value of a property as a function of an independent variable. A typical example is the radial distribution function g r) which measmes the probability of finding a particle as a function of distance from a typical ... 

The vast majority of the kinetic detail is presented in tabular form. Amassing of data in this way has revealed a number of errors, to which attention is drawn, and also demonstrated the need for the expression of the rate data in common units. Accordingly, all units of rate coefficients in this section have been converted to mole.l-1.sec-1 for zeroth-order coefficients (k0), sec-1 for first-order coefficients (kt), l.mole-1.sec-1 for second-order coefficients (k2), l2.mole-2.sec-1 for third-order coefficients (fc3), etc., and consequently no further reference to units is made. Likewise, energies and enthalpies of activation are all in kcal. mole-1, and entropies of activation are in cal.deg-1mole-1. Where these latter parameters have been obtained over a temperature range which precludes the accuracy favoured by the authors, attention has been drawn to this and also to a few papers, mainly early ones, in which the units of the rate coefficients (and even the reaction orders) cannot be ascertained. In cases where a number of measurements have been made under the same conditions by the same workers, the average values of the observed rate coefficients are quoted. In many reactions much of the kinetic data has been obtained under competitive conditions such that rate coefficients are not available in these cases the relative reactivities (usually relative to benzene) are quoted. 

Perform the same analyses as in Study 7.2b, but now using B) = 0.02 and Pt(B A) = 0.008. Compare the results with those obtained in Study 7.2b. Determine the average values of [A] and [B] after equilibrium is reached and the corresponding equilibrium constant eq with its standard deviation. Compare the measured eq with the expected limiting deterministic value. 

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