Long-chain pufa

Marine mammal oils or their co3 concentrates can also be modified for different applications. Modifications include the changing of the fatty acid composition and/ or their location in the glycerol backbone. Structured lipids containing both 0)3 long-chain PUFAs, possibly from seal blubber oil, or their co3 concentrates, and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), which are saturated fatty acids with 6-12... 

Socha, R, Koletzko, B., Jankowska, I., Pawlowska, J., Demmelmair, H., Stolarczyk, A., Swiatkowska, E., Socha, J. Long-chain PUFA supplementation improves PUFA profde in infants with cholestasis. Lipids 2002 37 953-957... 

The relationship between substrate and product for A-9-desaturase is reflected by the desaturase index, defined as [RA a- (RA + VA)]. Various approaches to calculating desaturase index in milk fat are discussed by Kelsey et al. (2003). In the study by Corl et al. (2001), the desaturase index was 0.23 for the hay and concentrate diet and 0.20 when the diet was supplemented with PH VO. Kay et al. (2004) reported a desaturase index of 0.25 for the pasture diet and 0.22 when the diet was supplemented with sunflower oil. Piperova et al. (2002) observed desaturase indices for highland low-fiber diets of 0.40 and 0.35, respectively. Shingfield et al. (2003) reported desaturase indices of 0.18 and 0.15 with a grass silage diet without or supplemented with fish oil these values are probably lower than others because the analytical methods accounted for minor CLA isomers that typically co-elute with RA or because of inhibition of A-9-desaturase by the long-chain PUFA from the fish oil supplement. The desaturase index, as defined earlier, should approximate the proportion of VA desaturated in the tissues. A summary of endogenous RA synthesis estimates and the proportion of VA desaturated in the tissues is in Table III. 

Under dietary conditions supplying both linoleic (C18 2n-6) and a-linolenic acid (C18 3n-3), A6-desaturase and A5-desaturase, together with elongases, synthesize very long chain PUFAs of the n-6 and n-3 series, such as arachidonic (C20 4n-6) and docosahexaenoic (C22 6n-3), which are involved in a number of pivotal biological functions. The clinical picture described in a human with a mutation in A6-desaturase promoter which results in a low expression of A6-desaturase emphasizes the importance of this pathway (Nwankwo et ah,... 

Endocannabinoids, endogenous agonists of cannabinoid receptors, are comprised of amides, esters and ethers of long chain PUFA. A-arachidonoyletha-nolamine (AEA, anandamide) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) are well characterized lipid mediators of the endocannabinoid system (Maccarrone et ah, 2007). The endocannabinoid system has been found to have an important neuroprotective role in CNS injury and neurodegenerative diseases an extensive review of these studies was recently published (Pacher et ah, 2006). 

A substantial body of literature exists reporting the inflammatory (or anti-inflammatory) effects of n-6 and n-3 PUFA. LA and ALA undergo a series of desaturation and elongation steps that yield arachidonic acid (AA, 20 4n-6) and EPA (20 5n-3), respectively. Additional metabolism of EPA produces the n-3 PUFA DHA (22 6n-3). However, the conversion of ALA to EPA, and especially DHA, is limited in humans (Goyens et al., 2005 Hussein et al., 2005 Pawlosky et al., 2001). Based on a metabolic model, Goyens et al. (2005) estimated that 7% of dietary ALA is converted to long-chain PUFA 99% is converted to EPA and 1% to docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). DHA is subsequently produced via elongation and desaturation of DPA. Ilierefore,... 

Napier JA and Sayanova O (2005) The production of very-long-chain PUFA biosynthesis in transgenic plants Towards a sustainable source of fish oils. Proceedings of the Nutritional Society 64 387-393. 

The high degree of unsaturation of n-3 and n-6 FA, especially long-chain PUFA such as AA, DPA, EPA and DHA, makes them highly susceptible to oxidation and to generate potential pro-oxidants leading to induce an oxidative stress. 

Marine-based long-chain PUFAs (LC-PUFAs)... 

Leonard, AJi., Kelder, B., Bobik, E.G., Chuang, L.-T., Lewis, C.J.,Kopchick,JJ., Mukerji, P., and Huang, Y.-S. (2002) Identification and Expression of Mammalian Very Long-Chain PUFA Elongation Enzymes, Lipids 36,733-740. 

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