Marine mammal oils lipids

Flavor Components of Fats and Oils, Lipid Oxidation Measurement Methods, Marine Mammal Oils, Modification of Fats and Oils via Chemical and Enzymatic Methods, Novel Separation Techniques for Isolation and Purification of Fatty Acids and Oil By-Products, Quality Assurance of Fats and Oils, Tree Nut Oils. 

Ying Zhong Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John s, Newfoundland, Canada, Antioxidants Regulatory Status , Citrus Oils and Essences , Lipid Oxidation Measurement Methods , Marine Mammal Oils. 

Marine mammal oils or their co3 concentrates can also be modified for different applications. Modifications include the changing of the fatty acid composition and/ or their location in the glycerol backbone. Structured lipids containing both 0)3 long-chain PUFAs, possibly from seal blubber oil, or their co3 concentrates, and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), which are saturated fatty acids with 6-12... 

Toxaphene accumulates in tissues of many aquatic species, especially in lipid-rich tissues of polar fish and marine mammals (Swackhamer and McConnell 1993). Toxaphene concentrations in livers of Arctic fishes of 2.9 mg/kg FW and in Canadian cod liver oil of 28 mg/kg FW are recorded... 

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially the n-3 series that are found in marine fish oils, modulate a variety of normal and disease processes, and consequently affect human health. PUFAs are classified based on the position of double bonds in their lipid structure and include the n-3 and n-6 series. Dietary n-3 PUFAs include a-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) whereas the most common n-6 PUFAs are linoleic acid, y-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid (AA). AA is the primary precursor of eicosanoids, which includes the prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Collectively, these AA-derived mediators can exert profound effects on immune and inflammatory processes. Mammals can neither synthesize n-3 and n-6 PUFAs nor convert one variety to the other as they do not possess the appropriate enzymes. PUFAs are required for membrane formation and function... 

The fatty acid composition of marine lipids varies significantly, especially when compared with vegetable oils. The fatty acid composition of blubber oil of marine mammals is generally similar to fish oils as it contains a large proportion of long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids. However, the proportion of fatty acids in fish and marine mammals varies considerably (2). 

Nearly all the commercially important fats and oils of animal and plant origin consist almost exclusively of this simple lipid class. The fatty acid composition can vary enormously. In seed oils, the Cis unsaturated fatty acids tend to predominate. In animal fats, especially those of adipose tissue origin, the fatty acid composition reflects that of the diet to some extent, but Cie and Cis fatty acids are the most abundant components. Fish triacylglycerols and those of marine mammals differ from others in that they contain a high proportion of C20 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The compositions of natural oils and fats have been reviewed recently [686]. 

Ackman, R.G. and Lamothe, F. (1989) Marine mammals, in Marine Biogenic Lipids, Fats and Oils, vol. II (ed. R.G. Ackman), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 179-381. 

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