Water pollution manufacturing

SOLVENTS Liquids that dissolve other substances. Chemical solvents are used widely in industry e.g. by pharmaceutical makers to extract active substances by electronics manufacturers to wash circuit boards by paint makers to aid drying. Solvents can cause air and water pollution and some can be responsible for ozone depletion. 

Formerly known as Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA). A trade association of chemical manufacturers, representing more than 90 percent of the production for basic industrial chemicals in the US. Administers research in areas significant to chemical manufacturing such as air and water pollution control operates Chemical Transportation Emergency Center (CHEMTREC) to control and report chemical accidents. ACC is organized by industrial groups and also by issue groups that sen>e as coordinators and advocators in their fields of specializations. 

Lauterbach G.T. Davis, Water Pollution Problems Arising from TNT Manufacture , EASP 100-04, Edge wood Arsenal (1971)... 

Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) are extensively used as surfactants in industrial products (see Chap. 1). NPEOs are a mixture of polyethoxylated mono-alkylphenols, predominantly para-substituted, and are used in the manufacturing of paints, detergents, inks, and pesticides [435, 446]. Surfactants are common water pollutants because of their use in aqueous solutions, which are discharged into the environment in the form of wastewater from treatment plants or sludge stored in landfills. Degradation products of alkylphenol polyethoxylates, i. e., nonylphenol (NP), have the potential to be bioaccumulated, thereby becoming toxic to aquatic [447] and soil microorganisms [435,448]. 

As previously mentioned, fertilizer manufacturing may create problems within all environmental media, that is, air pollution, water pollution, and solid wastes disposal difficulties. In particular, the liquid waste effluents generated from phosphate and mixed and blend fertilizer production streams originate from a variety of sources and may be summarized [17,27] as follows (a) ammonia-bearing wastes from ammonia production (b) ammonium salts such as... 

Kiff, R.I. Water pollution control in the fertilizer manufacturing industry. In Manufacturing and Chemical Industries Barnes, D. et al., Eds. Longman Scientific Technical Essex, UK, 1987. Koziorowski, B. Kucharski, J. Industrial Waste Disposal Pergamon Press Oxford, UK, 1972 142-151. 

Oberacker, D.A. Incineration options for disposal of waste pesticides. In Pesticide Waste Disposal Technology Bridges, J.S., Dempsey, C.R., Eds. Noyes Data Corporation Park Ridge, NJ, 1988. Eckenfelder, W.W., Jr. Industrial Water Pollution Control, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill New York, 1989. McNally, R. Tougher rules challenge future for injection wells. Petrol. Eng. Int. 1987, July, 28-30. Zimpro, Inc. Report on Wet Air Oxidation for Pesticide Chemical Manufacturing Wastes, prepared for G. M. Jett, USEPA Rothchild Wisconsin, 1980. 

D.H. Rosenblatt et al, Water Pollution Problems Arising from TNT Manufacture. A Survey , E AS P-100-94, Edgewood Ars (1971) (Limited distrib) 6) D.H. Rosenblatt, Paper presented at First Seminar on Nitroaromatic Chemistry, PicArsn (17 March 1971) 7) A.F. 

Most industries use plenty of water at almost every stage of processing or manufacturing. Water let out by industries contains harmful chemicals and bacteria. Many of the industries let out untreated polluted water... 

As shown in this table, a zero discharge of process waste-water pollutants is required by EPA for all facets of the timber products industry except wet storage of legs, wet-process fiber products manufacture, and one segment of the wood preserving industry. This requirement, by definition, holds that a zero discharge is "the best practicable technology currently available" by which the affected industries can control pollution. 

While some of the environmental pollution created in society is avoidable, industrial nations will always produce a low level of pollutants. Pesticides greatly increase overall food production pharmaceuticals, which require organic chemicals for their manufacture, extend life and plastics are used in all aspects of medical and domestic life. Society must find a balance between the desire to minimize the cost of manufactured items and the desire to require industries and individuals to reduce pollution, see also Air Pollution Water Pollution. 

Since nitro compounds have certain specific properties, which influence the choice of methods for heating wastes, some special methods are described later in the technological section dealing with methods of the manufacture of individual nitro compounds. Diminishing water pollution by washes from the manufacture of TNT is a most complex problem. This will be discussed in detail on p. 390. 

Phenol and its compounds are ubiquitous water pollutants that are present in the effluents of a variety of chemical industries such as coal refineries, phenol manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and industries of resin, paint, dyeing, textile, leather, petrochemical, pulp mill, etc. [9]. Phenols are known to be toxic and also, some of them, hazardous carcinogenic that can accumulate in the food chain. Phenolic compounds are a public health risk and they are heavily regulated in many countries, and must be removed from wastewater before they are discharged into the environment [10], For example, a 10 days consumption of polluted water with low concentrations (3 ppm) of 2,4-dichlorophenol can cause vomiting, paralysis, and even death in children [11, 12]. Phenol, 2-chlorophenol, and 2,4-dichlorophenol are ranked within the 250 most hazardous pollutants [13]. In addition, chlorophenols are commonly found in chlorinated water, since phenol can react with chlorine [14],... 

Analytical chemists identify and measure the elements and compounds found in substances. They might determine the composition of the raw materials used in manufacturing or help physicians diagnose diseases. They might identify air or water pollutants or determine which nutrients are in certain foods. Analytical chemists work in fields as varied as archeology, crime, and space science. 

---