Science-based industry

After the war, Carothers work spread to American universities and became the prototype for science-based industrial research. Polymer scientists, including Flory and Staudinger, won four Nobel Prizes. The prize is not awarded posthumously but, had Carothers lived, he might well have shared one of their prizes. 

Today, the scientific community can identify tiny trace amounts of chemicals in the environment. A quarter-century after Wallace Carothers introduced science-based industrial research to the United States, Clair Patterson adapted techniques developed for determining the age of the Earth to identify microtraces of global pollutants. Today scientists can analyze industrial contaminants in the parts per billion in 1991 when a university scientist discovered in the atmosphere a harmful, low-level contaminant produced by the manufacture of nylon, industry volunteered within weeks to change production methods. 

The manufacture of confectionery is not a science based industry, as these products have traditionally been created by skilled confectioners working empirically. 

The chemical industry is essentially a science-based industry. The technologies applied in the chemical industry have their well-established scientific roots, and industry growth has been closely linked to scientific discoveries. One of the main reasons for the enormous growth of the chemical industry in the developed world has been its great commitment to the investment in R D. This traditional investment in R D does much to explain the outstanding growth rate of the industry in the twentieth century and its superior record of increased productivity. The industry s organized application of science to industrial problems has... 

Sino-America Silicon Products Inc. No. 8. Industrial East Road 2. Science-Based Industrial Park Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C. 

Historian of technology Wolfgang Konig has recently defined the often misinterpreted term science-based industry. Konig introduced four characteristics for the evaluation of the scientific foundation of an industry ... 

Wolfgang Konig, Science-based industry or industry-based science Electrical engineering in Germany before World War I, Technology and Culture, 37 (1996), 70-101, on pp. 71-72. 

Pursuit of these themes may well lead to a different relationship between the chemical industry and its archivists on the one hand and the industry s historians on the other. Focusing on competitiveness, internationalization, science-based industry, and so on can lead to some conflicts between scholars and industry, depending on how those topics are pursued, but direct conflict can often be avoided, and in fact the industry might enthusiastically support such research. As most of us can attest, it generally has. Environmental history and social history of the chemical industry may well be met with far less enthusiasm. Environmental history is likely to cause extreme embarrassment to the industry the social history of the industry may seem of less relevance to the interests of the firm than economic and technological history. Both will require imaginative development of new source materials, either because company archives are unwilling to provide them, or because they are unable to do so. 

Chang, M.R., Lee, D.J., Lai, J.Y., 2006. Coagulation and filtration of nanoparticles in waste-water from Hsinchu Science-Based Industrial Park (HSIP). Sep. Sci. Technol. 41, 1303-1311. 

Innovation Road Science-based Industrial Park Hsinchu... 

Heinrich Caro at BASF and William Perkin independently discover commercial routes to synthetic alizarin. Patents are filed in London during June 1869. Manufacture begins in England and Germany during 1869-1870 and leads to the decline in the cultivation of madder. This lays the foundation of modem science-based industry and industrial-academic collaboration. 

The first industrial revolution came late in Sweden, and even if there is debate on its course and on the extent to which science-based industry did increase towards the end of the nineteenth century, there is no question that the development of chemical industry took place much more slowly than in France, Britain and Germany. A more detailed study of these matters still remains to be done, since the concept science-based industry is far from straight forward, and chemistry is the science most often referred to in this context. 

P. Lundgreen, Industrialization and the educational formation of manpower in Germany , Journal of Social History, 9 (1975), 64-79 Idem., Education for the science-based industrial state. The case of nineteenth-century Germany , History of Education, 13 (1984), 59-67. Lundgreen has argued that it was the labour market, rather than industrial practice, which underwent scientification in nineteenth century Germany. Ibid., p.64. 

States. Second, the rise of science-based industry, particularly... 

Scholars of American political history note the opportunity crises present for policy innovation, and in the synthetic organic chemicals industry, American policymakers faced the challenge of creating laws and institutional mechanisms to build technical and market expertise in one of the most complicated science-based industries of the early twentieth century. Policymakers often drew on familiar tools, particularly the tariff laws, but some policies reflected newer trends in society, including the growing faith in information and data associated with the Progressive Era. In other cases, policymakers experimented and tried alternatives to suit the immediate task at hand. Trial and error permeated the halting steps to mobilize for... 

In science-based industries technical progress is said to be stimulated intensively by scientific advance (Pavitt 1984), indicated by a high ratio of R D expenditure per sales that exceeds 8 % (Gehrke, Grupp 1994, pp. 39-40). Although technology does stimulate... 

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