Manufactured products

Harmonised standards are technical specifications adopted by one of the European standards organisations following a mandate issued by the European Commission on which Member States were consulted. When published by the Commission in the Official Journal of the European Communities, the hamionised standards give presumption of confomiity to the essential requirements they specify. This means that manufacturers applying these standards do not have to demonstrate the compliance of the manufactured products with the relevant requirements of the directive. 

Control charts were originally developed in the 1920s as a quality assurance tool for the control of manufactured products.Two types of control charts are commonly used in quality assurance a property control chart in which results for single measurements, or the means for several replicate measurements, are plotted sequentially and a precision control chart in which ranges or standard deviations are plotted sequentially. In either case, the control chart consists of a line representing the mean value for the measured property or the precision, and two or more boundary lines whose positions are determined by the precision of the measurement process. The position of the data points about the boundary lines determines whether the system is in statistical control. 

Shewhart, W. A. Economic Control of the Quality of Manufactured Products. Macmillan London, 1931. 

Manufacturers. Besides manufacturers in the United States, commercial fluorine plants are operating in Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom (see Table 5). Fluorine is also produced in the Commonwealth of Independent States (former Soviet Union) however, details regarding its manufacture, production volumes, etc, are regarded as secret information. The total commercial production capacity of fluorine in the United States and Canada is estimated at over 5000 t/yr, of which 70—80% is devoted to uranium hexafluoride production. Most of the gas is used in captive uranium-processing operations. 

Derived plant and animal products make better use or upgrade the nutritional quaHty of already existing materials or products. Synthetic and manufactured products arose from knowledge of the functional properties of food ingredients and of human and animal nutrition that involved more precise definition of nutrient requirements for growth, reproduction, lactation, and body maintenance in both humans and domestic Hvestock. Pood products have been developed to meet human needs under abnormal environments, eg, military rations for arctic, tropical, or desert environments, and special products for astronauts ia space flights. 

The manufacturers of synthetic fluids offer technical service and consultation, and fluid reprocessing service can be arranged between the suppHer and the user. Complete physical properties and detailed information concerning synthetic fluids are reported in the manufacturers product Hterature (13—36). The physical characteristics of the synthetic fluids can be found in Table 1. 

These factors can all be shown to influence the operating and/or capital costs of the plant (1). In addition a key concern is to reproducibly manufacture products having the desired physical and chemical properties. 

SPC on manufactured products SQC on laboratory operations communicate with corporate CIM system improved QA/QC on products reduced testing costs correlate laboratory analyses and process measurements faster solutions to production problems tested in laboratory faster notification of backlog problems improved electronic data interchange capabiUties automated communication with inventory, ordering, and materials planning systems... 

Whiting at one time coimoted only a very fine form of chalk of micrometer sizes but the term is now used more broadly to include all finely divided, meticulously milled carbonates derived from high calcium or dolomitic limestone, marble, shell, or chemically precipitated calcium carbonate. Unlike all of the above natural forms of limestone, it is strictly a manufactured product. 

In the United States, 62% of fluid milk production is used for manufactured products, mainly cheese, evaporated and sweetened condensed milk, nonfat dry milk, and ice cream. Evaporated and condensed milk and dry milk are made from milk only other ingredients are added to make ice cream and sweetened condensed milk. 

Dry Milk. Dry milk provides long-term storage capabHities, suppHes a product that can be used for food manufacturing operations, and because of its reduced volume and weight, transportation and storage costs are reduced. Dry milk has been used for manufactured products, but is used to a much greater extent for beverage products. Its properties are Hsted in Table 15. 

Table 4. Manufacture, Production, and Application Data for Selected Aminonaphthalenesulfonic Acids...

Worldwide capacity for oxo process chemicals reached 7.0 x 10 metric tons at the start of 1990 (35). Market share for oxo chemicals is divided between Western Europe (36%), the United States (30%), Eastern Europe (12%), Japan (10%), other Asian countries (8%), and South America and Mexico (4%). U.S. 0X0 manufacturers, products, and capacities are given ia Table 2. 

Stabihty studies ate developed to assure a desirable shelf-life period. These also estabhsh limits of acceptabiUty for impurities and degradation compounds, when present, and determine acceptable storage conditions for raw materials and the manufactured products. Stabihty studies are thus important to the deterrnination of expiration dates for dmg products. 

Potassium chloride [7447-40-7] or muriate of potash (MOP) as it is known in the fertilizer industry (at about 97% purity), is the world s most commonly used potash (5). Chemical-grade potassium chloride (99.9%) is the basis for manufactured production of most potassium salts (10). 

ISO 9000. The ISO 9000 series of standards was first issued in 1987 and then updated in 1994. The ISO 9000 standard describes the selection criteria for the four standards, ISO 9001—9004. ISO 9001 is composed of 20 items covering manufactured products from design and development in R D to commercial production and after-sale service or technical support. ISO 9002 has 19 of the items in 9001 describing the requirements of a quahty system for the manufacture of an item, such as chemicals, to a specification only the requirement relating to product development is omitted. Chemical companies seldom certify to ISO 9003, which describes the quahty system for a laboratory involved in final inspection and test. Finally, ISO 9004 presents guidelines for total quahty management. 

Data from manufacturers product Hterature data for Vitreosd from Ref. 134. 

Sulfur monochloride also reacts with substituted phenols to give condensation products useful for mbber compounding (qv) (150). Elf Atochem NA manufactures products known as Vultacs by the reaction of amylphenols and sulfur monochloride (153). 

Specific values shown are those cited in manufacturers product Hterature (19). Typical ranges shown are based on values reported in the open Hterature. 

The estimated production capacity of activated carbon in the United States is shown in Table 3 for seven manufacturers (41). The principal producers are Calgon Carbon (37%), American-Norit (26%), Westvaco (19%), and Atochem (10%). Several other companies purchase activated carbon for resale but do not manufacture products. 

The bulk of synthetic industrial diamond production consists of the smaller crystal sizes up to 0.7-mm particle size (25 mesh). This size range has wide utihty in industry, and a significant fraction of the world s need for diamond abrasive grit is now met by synthetic production yielding thousands of kilograms per year. Because the raw materials are plentiful, synthetic production could, if necessary, supply the world demand for diamond abrasive. Development work continues in order to improve size and utility of the manufactured product and to realize the full potential of diamonds at minimum cost. An appreciable increase in performance has been obtained by coating the diamonds with a thin layer of nickel or copper, before incorporating them into wheels. The thin layer of metal apparendy improves adhesion and heat transfer. 

Procedures for determining ash, moisture, solution preparation, and viscosity measurements can be found in manufacturers product bulletins (40,41) andin ASTMD2364-69 (65). 

There are two principal ways in which finished diatomite products are used in manufacturing plants either as a filter aid (see Filtration), where the diatomite is expendable, or as a filler, where the diatomite becomes a component and remains as part of the manufactured product. As of 1990, the use of diatomite products was 71% filtration, 15% fillers, and 14% other (7). 

Understanding the Reactive Chemicals and Reactive Chemicals Systems Involved The main business of most chemical companies is to manufacture products through the control of reactive chemicals. The reactivity that makes chemicals useful can also make them hazardous. Therefore, it is essential that people who design or operate chemical processes understand the nature of the reactive chemicals involved. 

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