Human component

Task Analysis— An analytical process for determining the specific behaviors required of the human components in a man-machine system. It involves determining the detailed performance required of people and equipment and the effects of environmental conditions, malfunctions, and other unexpected events on both. Within each task to be performed by people, behavioral steps are analyzed in terms of (i) the sensory signals and related perceptions, (ii) the decisions, memory storage, and other mental processes, and (iii) the required responses. 

Most large networked systems embody human beings as, in effect, system components , alongside the hardware and software components, though as indicated above such humans may become actively involved only when things go wrong with the computers and their communication. In other cases, there may be a deliberate decision to sub-divide some overall system task into activities that can be readily automated, and those that are best left to human beings to carry out. Systems that incorporate human components in either of these ways are termed here computer-based systems. 

As technology progresses the safety of man-machine systems depends more and more on the quality of the human component (operator). This fact is very obvious in transportation, where the operator (driver) is formally and actually in control of his or her vehicle. In aviation, however, a strong trend towards software control of the aeroplane is already becoming dominant, forcing the operator (pilot) primarily into the role of supervisor or monitor of the automatic control system and into that of trouble-shooter in case of (technical) failure. In this respect a cockpit crew is facing the same situation as for instance a shift of operators in the central control room of a completely computerised chemical process plant. 

Fetal influences (see Section 6.6.5) can be the basis for some of the imperfections of redundant human components. So can faulty genetic codes, mutations (see Section 5.3.7), and other environmental... 

Like human component C4 of complement, the corresponding bovine glycoprotein (mol. wt. 2 X 10 ) contains three polypeptide chains, a, jS, and y (mol. wts. 9.8x10", 8.2x10, and 3.2x10, respectively). The carbohydrate is located in the a- and j3-chains. 

The environment that such an industry must face includes not only oil and gas and the various products that can intervene in the processes, including oxygen, but also the atmosphere, the water, the land, and the human component. 

The HCD approach is incorporated in ISO 11064 through that the human component, the machine (hardware and software), the work environment, and the control (operation and management) shall be harmoniously integrated during all phases of the design... 

Loslever, P. (2001). Obtaining information from time data statistical analysis in human component system studies. Methods and performances. Information Sciences 132, 133-156. 

A technique for predicting the potential for human error in an activity. It evalnates quantitatively the contribution of the human error component in the development of an untoward system. Special emphasis is placed on the human component in prodnct degradation. THERP involves the concept of basic error rate that is relatively consistent between tasks requiring similar human performance elements in different situations. Basic error rates are assessed in terms of contributions to specific system faUutes. 

Accountability versus blame. Health care professionals are accountable for their work. They have a responsibility to possess current knowledge and competence in the work they perform they also have a responsibility to acknowledge the interdependence they have in their performance. In addition, they must appreciate how systems work and understand that people are the human components of systems, both contributing to failure and creating safety. Blame focuses on a scapegoat rather than on the pursuit of deeper understanding about failure. The traditional blame, shame, and punish methods have not worked to improve safety. Blameless versus punitive or retaliatory. A blameless environment is one where the front line is comfortable reporting failures and near misses so they can be studied in this kind of environment, the front line even feels compelled to report failures. A punitive or retaliatory environment creates an atmosphere where sharp end staff members are afraid to disclose failures and near misses, and in this way opportunities to learn from mistakes are eliminated. 

Individuals responsible for analyzing adverse events should recognize the human component... 

Beyond this, ergonomics deals with further topics. A suitable representation of all functions of the MME-system between the technical components and the human components must be achieved. This is important, for example, for the determination of the degree of automation. In addition, the relationship between safety at the workplace and the safety of the plant must be emphasized. In many areas of modern technology, the incorporation of systems ergonomics has become imperative. The landing of a manned spacecraft on the moon without a major contribution of systems ergonomics to the Apollo program would have been impossible. 

It is a reasonable fact that people are not perfect. However, some person-machine systems are designed on the premise that the human component will be error-free. It is most important that these systems are identified and modified to obtain a reahstic reliabihty and monitored or modified to recognize and take accoimt of the performance limitations of individuals. It is most important that we consider these three factors, person-machine-enviromnent, as an integrated work process bound together by the procedures we adopt to actually perform tasks, and which, in some cases, requites attention to the materials used, e.g. flammable solvents. Figure 1.5 sums up the work system using sUghtty broader terms such as equipment and work methods. 

A search of NIOSH s website (www.cdc.gov/niosh) turns up 157 reports and references to PTSD. One report, from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, is titled, A human component to consider in your emergency management plans the critical incident stress factor. Other PTSD literature focuses on emergency response workers, the effects of disasters on workers, police, firefighters, miners and healthcare workers. 

Further to this, there is increasing effort to better imderstand the risks that rail organizations face and the risk management controls that are, and / or, need to be, put in place to manage these risks. In marty operations the human component is still a key defence against incidents and accidents occurring. We carmot eliminate the human from the system. Therefore, we need to be confident that our frontline personnel are equipped with the skills, knowledge and attributes required to be able to perform the required tasks safely. More specifically, we need to train our personnel such that we reduce the likelihood and consequences of human error to As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP). 

Deficiencies of Clr, C4, C5, C6, and Cl have been found in various isolated kindred " . In all cases, heterozygous relatives of the propositi have been found. However, no genetic polymorphism is yet known for these human components so that it is not yet possible to demonstrate the inheritance of a null gene. The propositi in kindred with Clr, C4, and C5 deficiency had a lupus-like syndrome. The proposita of the C6 deficiency kindred presented with gonococ-... 

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