In predictions of human

Zmuidinavicius D, Didziapetris R, Japertas P, Avdeef A and Petrauskas A. Classification structure-activity relations (C-SAR) in prediction of human intestinal absorption. J Pharm Sci 2003 92 621-33. 

Galetin, A., Brown, C., Hallifax, D., Ito, K. and Houston, J.B. (2004) Utility of recombinant enzyme kinetics in prediction of human clearance impact of variability, CYP3A5, and CYP2C19 on CYP3A4 probe substrates. Drug Metabolism and Disposition The Biological Fate of Chemicals, 32, 1411-1420. 

Chapter 5, Quantitative and Qualitative Prediction of Human Error in Safety Assessments, describes a systematic process for identifying and assessing the risks from human error, together with techniques for quantifying human error probabilities. 

The use of a model of human error allows a systematic approach to be adopted to the prediction of human failures in CPI operations. Although there are difficulties associated with predicting the precise forms of mistakes, as opposed to slips, the cognitive approach provides a framework which can be used as part of a comprehensive qualitative assessment of failure modes. This can be used during design to eliminate potential error inducing conditions. It also has applications in the context of CPQRA methods, where a comprehensive qualitative analysis is an essential precursor of quantification. The links between these approaches and CPQRA will be discussed in Chapter 5. 

The various analytical methods for predicting and reducing human error can be assigned to four groups or sections. In order to make a start on any form of analysis or prediction of human error, it is obviously necessary to gather information. The first section therefore describes a number of techniques that can be applied to acquire data about what the worker does, or what happened in an accident. 

Qualitative and Quantitative Prediction of Human Error in Risk Assessment... 

Simulation methods have also been developed that include physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK) and methods such as Cloe PK, OMPPPlus, GastroPlus , SimCYP , and others [122] that are described elsewhere in this book. It is likely that the computational metabolism predictions could be integrated with these to assist in deriving more accurate predictions of human pharmacokinetic parameters. 

Ito K and Houston JB. Prediction of human drug clearance from in vitro and preclinical data using physiologically based and empirical approaches. Pharm Res 2005 22 103-12. 

Obach RS, Baxter JG, Liston TE, Silber BM, Jones BC, MacIntyre F, Ranee DJ, Wastall P. The prediction of human pharmacokinetic parameters from precl-inical and in vitro metabolism data. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997 Oct 283(l) 46-58... 

Winiwarter, S., Ax, F., Lennemas, H., Hallberg, A., Pettersson, C., Karlen, A. Hydrogen bonding descriptors in the prediction of human in vivo intestinal permeability. J. Mol. Graph. Model. 2003, 21, 273-287... 

T. E., Silber, M., Jones, B. C., MacIntyre, F., Rance, D. J., Wastall, P., The prediction of human pharmacokinetic parameters from preclinical and in vitro metabolism data, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1997,... 

Predictions of human in vivo permeability can be made with a particularly high degree of accuracy in all predinical models for drugs with passive diffusion as their main mechanism. It is only the dog model that seems to absorb low-permeability... 

Prediction of Human Volume of Distribution Using in vivo, in vitro, and in silico Approaches... 

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