Man-machine

For observers, evaluation from the point of view of software and man-machine interface was good. Less than two hours were necessary for training. 

The process control functions and the operator interface, also referred to as man-machine interface (MMI) or human-machine interface (HMI), is provided by separate nodes. This approach is referred to as split-architecture, and it permits considerable flexibihty in choosing a configuration that most appropriately meets the needs of the application. 

The multiloop controller contains a variety of func tion blocks (for example, PID, totalizer, lead/lag compensator, ratio control, alarm, sequencer, and Boolean) that can be soft-wired together to form complex control strategies. The multiloop controller, as part of a DCS, communicates with other controllers and man/machine interface (MMI) devices also on the DCS network. 

Van der Schaaf, T.W. 1996. Human Recovery of Errors in Man-Machine Systems, International Conference and Workshop on Process Safety Management and Inherently Safer Processes, Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York. 

The advanced control room uses fiber optics, microprocessors, and digital monitoring and control. This includes self-testing, automatic calibration, user interactive from panels, full multiplex, standardization of the man-machine interface, common circuit cards, and wide-range flux monitors to eliminate range switching on startup. 

Rasmussen, J, 1979, On the Structure of Knowledge A Morphology of Mental Models in a Man-Machine Context, Riso-M-2192, Riso Nat. Lab., Denmark. 

Gertman, D. I., Haney, L. N., Jeirkins, J. P., Blackman, H. S. (1985). Operator Decision Making Under Stress. In G. Johannsen, G. Mancini, L. Martensson (Eds.). Analysis Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems (Proceedings of the 2nd IFAC/IFIP/IFORS Conference, Varese, Italy). 

Hollnagel, E., Woods, D. D. (1983). Cogiutive Systems Engineering New Wine in New Bottles. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 18,583-600. 

Meister, D. (1977). Methods of Predicting Human Reliability in Man-Machine Systems. In S. Brown J. Martin (Eds.). Human Aspects of Man-Machine Systems. Milton Keynes, UK Open University Press. 

Wagenaar, W. A., c Groeneweg, J. (1987). Accidents at Sea Multiple Causes and Impossible Consequences. International [ournal of Man-Machine Studies 27, 587-598. 

Corey EJ, Wipke WT, Cramer RD HI, Howe WJ. Computer-assisted synthetic analysis. Facile man-machine communication of chemical structure by interactive computer graphics. J Am Chem Soc 1972 94 421-30. 

Sheridan. T., 45 Years of Man-Machine Systems. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dept. Mech. Eng., Cambridge, MA, 1985. 

Ackoff and Sasieni [1] defined operations research (OR) as the application of scientific method by interdisciplinary teams to problems involving the control of organized (man-machine) systems so as to provide solutions which best serve the purposes of the organization as a whole . 

Whiteley, J, R., Davis, J. F., Ahmet, M., and Ahalt, S. C.. Application of adaptive Resonance theory for qualitative interpretation of sensor data, Man, Machine and Cybernetics 26(7), July (1996). 

Task Analysis— An analytical process for determining the specific behaviors required of the human components in a man-machine system. It involves determining the detailed performance required of people and equipment and the effects of environmental conditions, malfunctions, and other unexpected events on both. Within each task to be performed by people, behavioral steps are analyzed in terms of (i) the sensory signals and related perceptions, (ii) the decisions, memory storage, and other mental processes, and (iii) the required responses. 

The process control is provided by programmable process controllers (PLCs), which are flexible and upgradable. The addition of man-machine interfaces (MMls) based on personal computers and common software systems allows not only system control and interlocks, but also a history... 

Field operating personnel have access to the computer through a man-machine input/output (I/O) system located in the Field office. The I/O equipment consists of a cathode ray tube (CRT) with attached keyboard, a card reader and a printer for permanent copy of transmitted information. The I/O system supplies all alarms and operating data needed to monitor production operations. 

Wagenaar WA, Groeneweg J. Accidents at sea multiple causes and impossible consequences. Int. J. Man-Machine Stud 1987 27 587-598. 

Creation of the computing system to perform laborious multivariant computing experiments with the maximum automation of man-machine interface. 

As technology progresses the safety of man-machine systems depends more and more on the quality of the human component (operator). This fact is very obvious in transportation, where the operator (driver) is formally and actually in control of his or her vehicle. In aviation, however, a strong trend towards software control of the aeroplane is already becoming dominant, forcing the operator (pilot) primarily into the role of supervisor or monitor of the automatic control system and into that of trouble-shooter in case of (technical) failure. In this respect a cockpit crew is facing the same situation as for instance a shift of operators in the central control room of a completely computerised chemical process plant. 

Rouse, W.B. (1981) Models of human problem solving detection, diagnosis and compensation for systems failures. Preprint for proceedings of IFAC conference on analysis, design and evaluation of man-machine systems. Baden-Baden, FRG, September 1982. 

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