Maleic acid mono 2-

C7H10O 2-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 1121-18-2 451.65 39.259 1,2 11223 C7H10O5 maleic acid, mono(2-hydroxypropyl) ester 10099-73-7 483.15 42.268 2... 

Maleic acid mono[2-(4-alkylpiperazinyl)ethyl esters]... 

Maleic acid mono[2-(4-alkylpiperazinyl)ethyI esters] (CnPIP) also are amphoteric surfactants and the ionic form depends on the pH, [44, 45]. Four ionic forms are known, of which the most surface active one is similar to the betain, with two oppositely charged atoms bF and 0 . At pH = 6.2 approximately 99.6% of all CnPIP molecules in solution exist in the betain form, while each of the other two forms, containing one ionised atom (either N or O ) is represented by 0.2% [45]. The experimental and theoretical surface tension isotherms of C PIP solutions at pH = 6.2 and 24"C are presented in Fig. 3.21. The theoretical curves calculated from the Frumkin and reorientation models are essentially the same with similar deviations, and therefore neither model could be preferred. The dependencies of the main parameters on n for the two models are shown in Figs. 3.22 - 3.24. 

The variety of educts and products of the higher MCRs is illustrated here. Product 72 (Scheme 1.18) is formed from the five functional groups of lysine, benzaldehyde, and tert-butylisocyanide. The synthesis of 73 is achieved with hydrazine, furanaldehyde, malonic acid, and the isocyano methylester of acetic acid, compound 74 results from the reaction of benzylamine, 5-methyl-2-furanaldehyde, maleic acid mono-ethylester, and benzylisocyanide. ° Zhu et al. prepared a variety of related products, such as, 75, from (9-amino-methyl cinnamate, heptanal, and a-isocyano a-benzyl acetamides. 

The effect is very pronounced, but falls off sharply as soon as the carboxyl groups are separated by more than one saturated carbon atom. C/ s-butenedioic(maleic) acid (5, pKal = 1-92) is a much stronger acid than trans-butenedioic(fumaric) acid (6, pX,1 = 3-02), due to the intramolecular hydrogen bonding that can take place with the former, but not with the latter, leading to relative stabilisation of the cis (maleate, 7) mono-anion (cf. o-hydroxybenzoic acid above) ... 

Styrene can be copolymerized with many monomers. The following monomers can be used along with styrene in the manufacture of food contact materials a-methylsty-rcne, vinyltoluene, divinylbenzene, acrylonitrile, ethyleneoxide, butadiene, fumaric and maleic acid esters of the mono functional saturated aliphatic alcohols C1-C8, acrylic acid ester and methacrylic acid, maleic acid anhydride, methylacrylamide-methylol ether, vinylmethyl ether, vinylisobutyl ether. Styrene and/or a-methylstyrene and/or vinyltoluene should be the main mixture component in every case. 

Vinyl chloride can be copolymerized with a series of monomers Vinylidene chloride, trans-dichloroethylene, vinylesters of aliphatic carboxylic acid (C2-C18), acrylic acid esters, methacrylic and/or maleic acid as well as fumaric acid with mono-functional aliphatic saturated alcohols (Cj-C18), mono-functional aliphatic unsaturated alcohols (C8—C18), vinyl ethers from mono-functional aliphatic saturated alcohols (C i-Cis), propylene, butadiene, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid (total < 8 %) and N-cyclohexylmaleinimide (< 7 %). 

Maleic Acid HOOC—CH = CH—COOH Fumaric Acid S3mthesis from Succinic Acid.—Two isomeric acids are known oi the constitution of di-carboxy ethene, or bulen-di-oic acid. They are named maleic acid and fumaric acid. Their synthesis from succinic acid establishes their constitution. Mono-brom succinic acid when... 

It is interesting that the presence of a charged atom in a molecule induces a fractional charge not only on the other atoms of the chain but also on those atoms which are near by in space. Thus if the electrostatic attraction were conducted only through the carbon skeleton of a molecule, we should expect to find the dissociation constants of fumaric and maleic acids to be identical. In actual fact the first dissociation constants are somewhat similar, but there is a considerable difference in the second dissociation constants. A possible explanation of this phenomenon is that in the case of the mono acid salts of maleic acid, the near-by negative charge on the carboxylate group hinders the removal of the second proton. 

Alkyl phenol ethoxylates can also react with P4O10 yielding alkyl phenol etherphosphates as a mixture of mono-/diesters or with maleic anhydride to yield maleic acid monoesters, which then react with NaHS03 to yield sulphosuccinate monoesters. Alkylphenolpolyglycolether sulphates, phosphates or sulphosuccinates are mainly used as primary anionic emulsifiers for the manufacturing of acrylic, styrene/acrylic or vinyl acetate co-polymer dispersions. Another type of non-ionic emulsifier is block copolymers of ethylene oxide with propylene oxide. 

Sulphosuccinic acid esters should be grouped into mono- and diesters. The first step of the monoester sulphosuccinate synthesis is the esterification of a hydroxyl-bearing stock material by maleic acid anhydride. As stock materials, long-chain primary alcohols, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkylphenols, alkanolamides, ethoxylated alkanolamides, or monoglycerides are generally used [10, p. 405 ff 75, 76]. 

Sulfosuccinates (sulfosuccinic acid esters) are anionic surfactants that are accessible on the basis of maleic acid anhydride. One can distinguish mono- and dialkyl esters of the sulfosuccinic acid (Figure 13.7). 

In the first reaction step, maleic acid anhydride is esterifled with compounds containing hydroxyl groups to mono- or diester. Both liquid and solid maleic acid anhydrides are used in manufacturing in such a way that it is added to alcoholic compound. 

Sulphosuccinate surfactants are of two main types, namely monoesters of C12-C18 alcohols and diesters of C6-Cg alcohols. Monoesters of ethoxy-lated alcohols and monoalkanolamides also exist. Both types may be synthesised by addition of sodium sulphite or ammonium bisulphite across the double bond of a mono- or diester of maleic acid. In the latter case the product may contain small quantities of mono- or dialkyl aspartate. 

In reaction systems in which carboxylation is effected by the use of the half-esters of unsaturated dicarboxylic acids and mono-hydric alcohols, acid-catalysed hydrolysis of the half-ester can be a factor which complicates the distribution of carboxylic-acid groups in the final latex (15) the shorter is the alkyl chain length of the alcohol from which the ester was prepared, the greater is the tendency to hydrolysis. The presence of interaction products of carboxylic acids and one or more of the main monomers can be a further complicating factor an example is the foimation of surface-active products by Biels-Alder reaction between dienes and unsaturated acids thus butadiene can react with maleic acid to form 1,2,3 6-tetrahydrophthalic acid (15) ... 

The concept has been offeredthat the mono ion of the maleic acid unit, from the first dissociation step of the homopolymer, has a stable ring structure 13 resulting from intramolecular hydrogen bonding. 

The properties of 1 1 copolymers prepared from allyl alcohol and derivatives with MA have been very briefly examined.The copolymers are soluble in a variety of organic solvents, including acetone, 2-butanone, ethanol, propanol, DMF, dimethylsulfoxide, THF, pyridine, and dilute ammonia or alkalin solutions. A similar copolymer may be prepared from monoalkyl esters of maleic acid. Copolymerization of styrene with mono-allyl maleate or fumarate hinders cyclization, due to the highly reactive styrene. ... 

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