Charge fraction

Overall heat transfer coefficient Mass feeding rate Ammonia feed mass fraction Formaldehyde charge fraction Exothermic heat of reaction... 

Dua, S. K., P. Kotrappa, and P. C. Gupta, Infuluence of Relative Humidity on the Charged Fraction of Decay Products of Radon and Thoron, Health Physics, 45 152-157 (1983). 

Highly selective ion exchange reactions described here in clay minerals and zeolites are reversible and occur on the constant charge fraction of these minerals. Interactions with a siloxane surface are therefore involved in contrast to the so-called specific adsorption effects occuring on hydroxyl bearing surfaces. 

It is interesting to find out the optimal conditions for the coupling between redox and acid-base equilibria. To do that, we will look at the variation of the average charged fraction upon oxidation Aox fc), defined as... 

Figure 14 Equilibrium charge fractions of hydrogen beam (left panel) and helium beam (right panel) in H2O calculated by the theory of Allison [215].

Fig. 1. The dependence of y on the volume fraction of the dry polymer in the swollen state q>2 for free swelling in water for c = 0 and s = 0.5. Numbers at curves denote the charge fraction on the chain, i. For i = 0.008, the critical value xt — 0-57 was determined using Maxwell s construction. From Ilavsky [34]...

The chain flexibility characterized by the number of monomers in the statistical segment s is also reflected in the magnitude of phase transition (Fig. 3). At a constant charge fraction i = 0.012 and c = 0, the extent A and the critical value of %c decrease with decreasing flexibility. 

The difference ((Vh -/Ve.), that is, the excess charge fraction, is by necessity compensated through the nonstoichiometry <5 of the crystal A X. Therefore,... 

Figure 111 3 1. a) Single cuprate pemton greyscale plot of deviatoric strain t,(k) - in Fourier space, b) Multipemton greyscale deviatoric strain < ( ) plot in coordinate space for hole-doped mobile charges fraction x = 0.1... 

For large molecules Orozco and Luque also suggested a practical procedure to calculate EP atomic charges [73]. They divided the molecule into several parts and these parts were treated independently concerning the calculation of EP atomic charges (fractional model). The influence exerted by the other parts is taken into account with the help of small groups of atoms. 

Micka et al. [169] were the first who simulated a multichain HPE system. They studied regular copolymers with alternating neutral and charged monomers (with a charge fraction of / = 1/3) in a poor solvent in the presence of monovalent counterions. The paper by Micka et al. [169] nicely demonstrated that the necklace microstructures exhibit a variety of conformational transitions as a function of polymer concentration. The end-to-end distance was found to be a nonmonotonic function of concentration and showed a strong minimum in the semidilute regime. 

It increase with the charge fraction f and decreases with ionic strength. This is consistent with experiments on block polyampholytes where the pH is varied [198]. 

The exchange isotherm implicit in this equation can be derived after introducing the relationships between charge fractions and mole fractions or molalities for a binary exchange process ... 

Another two-parameter model of widespread application results from imposing the constraint that the activity of an adsorbate species can be a power-law expression in its exchanger charge fraction (cf. Eq. 5.10) ... 

In a multicomponent ion exchange system, the reactions between exchanging ions still can be expressed as in Eqs. 5.1 and 5.2, which are binary processes, but the description of exchanger composition in terms of mole or charge fractions requires a generalization of expressions like Eq. 5.12 ... 

For example, the equilibrium constant K12 for Na - Ca2+ exchange can be calculated from data obtained along any path on which the charge fractions of Ca2 and Mg2" are varied ... 

Fig. 5.4. Exchange isotherms corresponding to the reaction in Eq. 5.8b for montmorillonite and a montmorillonitic soil (Altamont series), and for illite and an illitic soil (Domino series) at pH 7, 298 K, and Q = 50 molc nT3. In each graph, the charge fraction of adsorbed Na is a fixed parameter and H Mg = n /(n + n ), fi = mMg/(mM( + m ) are renormalized" Mg charge fractions. (Data from Sposito et al.17,18 and Fletcher et al.18)...

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