Maleic acid mono esters

C7H10O 2-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 1121-18-2 451.65 39.259 1,2 11223 C7H10O5 maleic acid, mono(2-hydroxypropyl) ester 10099-73-7 483.15 42.268 2... 

Maleic acid mono[2-(4-alkylpiperazinyl)ethyl esters]... 

Maleic acid mono[2-(4-alkylpiperazinyl)ethyI esters] (CnPIP) also are amphoteric surfactants and the ionic form depends on the pH, [44, 45]. Four ionic forms are known, of which the most surface active one is similar to the betain, with two oppositely charged atoms bF and 0 . At pH = 6.2 approximately 99.6% of all CnPIP molecules in solution exist in the betain form, while each of the other two forms, containing one ionised atom (either N or O ) is represented by 0.2% [45]. The experimental and theoretical surface tension isotherms of C PIP solutions at pH = 6.2 and 24"C are presented in Fig. 3.21. The theoretical curves calculated from the Frumkin and reorientation models are essentially the same with similar deviations, and therefore neither model could be preferred. The dependencies of the main parameters on n for the two models are shown in Figs. 3.22 - 3.24. 

Styrene can be copolymerized with many monomers. The following monomers can be used along with styrene in the manufacture of food contact materials a-methylsty-rcne, vinyltoluene, divinylbenzene, acrylonitrile, ethyleneoxide, butadiene, fumaric and maleic acid esters of the mono functional saturated aliphatic alcohols C1-C8, acrylic acid ester and methacrylic acid, maleic acid anhydride, methylacrylamide-methylol ether, vinylmethyl ether, vinylisobutyl ether. Styrene and/or a-methylstyrene and/or vinyltoluene should be the main mixture component in every case. 

Vinyl chloride can be copolymerized with a series of monomers Vinylidene chloride, trans-dichloroethylene, vinylesters of aliphatic carboxylic acid (C2-C18), acrylic acid esters, methacrylic and/or maleic acid as well as fumaric acid with mono-functional aliphatic saturated alcohols (Cj-C18), mono-functional aliphatic unsaturated alcohols (C8—C18), vinyl ethers from mono-functional aliphatic saturated alcohols (C i-Cis), propylene, butadiene, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid (total < 8 %) and N-cyclohexylmaleinimide (< 7 %). 

Sulphosuccinic acid esters should be grouped into mono- and diesters. The first step of the monoester sulphosuccinate synthesis is the esterification of a hydroxyl-bearing stock material by maleic acid anhydride. As stock materials, long-chain primary alcohols, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkylphenols, alkanolamides, ethoxylated alkanolamides, or monoglycerides are generally used [10, p. 405 ff 75, 76]. 

Sulfosuccinates (sulfosuccinic acid esters) are anionic surfactants that are accessible on the basis of maleic acid anhydride. One can distinguish mono- and dialkyl esters of the sulfosuccinic acid (Figure 13.7). 

In reaction systems in which carboxylation is effected by the use of the half-esters of unsaturated dicarboxylic acids and mono-hydric alcohols, acid-catalysed hydrolysis of the half-ester can be a factor which complicates the distribution of carboxylic-acid groups in the final latex (15) the shorter is the alkyl chain length of the alcohol from which the ester was prepared, the greater is the tendency to hydrolysis. The presence of interaction products of carboxylic acids and one or more of the main monomers can be a further complicating factor an example is the foimation of surface-active products by Biels-Alder reaction between dienes and unsaturated acids thus butadiene can react with maleic acid to form 1,2,3 6-tetrahydrophthalic acid (15) ... 

The properties of 1 1 copolymers prepared from allyl alcohol and derivatives with MA have been very briefly examined.The copolymers are soluble in a variety of organic solvents, including acetone, 2-butanone, ethanol, propanol, DMF, dimethylsulfoxide, THF, pyridine, and dilute ammonia or alkalin solutions. A similar copolymer may be prepared from monoalkyl esters of maleic acid. Copolymerization of styrene with mono-allyl maleate or fumarate hinders cyclization, due to the highly reactive styrene. ... 

Elving and co-workers [39, 40] investigated the polarographic behavior of mono- anddibromosubstituted maleic andfumaric acids and their esters. Monobromomaleic acid is reduced to maleic, fumaric, and butadiene-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid, where the proportions of the products depend on the pH value. Monobromofumaric acid is reduced to fumaric acid. The esters of both acids are reduced to the esters of unsubstituted fumaric acid. Dibromomaleic and dibromofumaric acids and their esters are reduced to acetylene-dicarboxylic acid, and the half-wave potentials of the cis acid and its diethyl ester are less negative (by 0.04-0.18 and 0.10-0.12 V, respectively, depending on the pH value) than the half-wave potentials of the trans compounds. 

There are two options for the other component of an epoxy resin system. Use of mono- or di-anhydrides as curing agents, usually catalyzed by a tertiary amine, causes reactions with the residual secondary hydroxyls in the repeating unit of the prepolymer forming esters and free carboxylic acids. The carboxylic acids formed also react with the epoxide end groups forming cross-links and further free secondary hydroxyl groups. Maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, or pyromellitic dianhydride are suitable for this process (Eq. 21.27). 

Mono- or dialkyl esters of succinic acid are formed by the addition of fatty alcohols or ethoxylated fatty alcohols to maleic anhydride in the presence of acid catalysts. These are the hydrophobic starting material for sulfosuccinates. The next step is the addition of sodium hydrogensulfite in aqueous methanol, which forms the surface-active sulfosuccinates via a radical reaction. 

Oligomerization methods for preparing carboxy-functionalized liquid oligomers have been described in the patent and technical literature [143-156]. The main chemical agent employed here is maleic anhydride (MA) thus, the products obtained are called maleic oils or maleic resins [157]. Also, beta unsaturated mono-or dicarboxylic acids can be used as well as some of their functional derivatives such as acrylates, itaconic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, and fumaric and meth-arcrylic esters [155,156]. 

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