Carbohydrates Carbohydrates

The major classes of organic compounds common to living systems are lipids pro terns nucleic acids and carbohydrates Carbohydrates are very familiar to us— we call many of them sugars They make up a substantial portion of the food we eat and provide most of the energy that keeps the human engine running Carbohy drates are structural components of the walls of plant cells and the wood of trees Genetic information is stored and transferred by way of nucleic acids specialized derivatives of carbohydrates which we 11 examine m more detail m Chapter 28... 

Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates (240—244) of any form are easily sulfated in the presence of solvent, using sulfating reagents such as SO —pyridine, SO —triethjlamine, SO.—trimethyl amine, or chlorosulfonic acid—pyridine. As an example, starch (qv) is sulfated using SO.—trimethyl amine at 0 to 5°C in aqueous media (16). Sulfated carbohydrate products find some use in industry as thickening agents. 

Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the principal components of the cell wall, comprising 65—75% by weight of the dry wood. Total hydrolysis yields simple sugars, primarily glucose and xylose in hardwoods and glucose and mannose in softwoods. Minor amounts of galactose, arabinose, and rhamnose are present. 

Rojo J, Morales JC, Penades S (2002) Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Interactions in Biological and Model Systems. 218 45-92 Romerosa A, see Ehses M (2002) 220 107-140 Rouden J, see Lasne M-C (2002) 222 201258... 

K. Buchholz, Introduction The spirit of carbohydrates—Carbohydrate bioengineering, Biocatal. Biotransformation, 26 (2008) 3-11. 

N. Seah, P. V. Santacroce, and A. Basu, Probing the lactoseGM3 carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction with glycodendrimers, Org. Lett., 11 (2009) 559-562. 

Carpenter et al. [3.18] showed by IR-spectroscopy, that besides the H-bonds between protein and carbohydrate carbohydrate bonds are also necessary to stabilize proteins during drying and reconstitution. 

Carbohydrate-carbohydrate and carbohydrate-nucleic acid interactions... 

Carbohydrates not only interact with protein receptors, but also with other carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Recently, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been prepared as new multivalent tools that mimic carbohydrate presentation on the cell surface. Using this tool, a weak calcium-mediated carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction has been detected using NMR, employing... 

Analytical tools have been developed in order to identify carbohydrate structures as well as carbohydrate-binding proteins and to understand their underlying structure-function relationships of protein-carbohydrate and carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions lectin arrays [16], glycan microarrays [17, 18], glyco-nanoparticles [19], frontal affinity chromatography [20] and carbohydrate tools for metabolic labeling [21]. 

K. J. Hale, L. Hough, and A. C. Richardson, The synthesis of some novel Group IVa organometallic derivatives of carbohydrates, Carbohydr. Res., Ill (1988) 259-264. 

Straathof, A.J.J. (1994) Industrially applied bioconversions of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates in Europe, 10, May issne, 5-8. 

S. Hanessian, P. Dextraze, and R. Masse, Preparative and exploratory carbohydrate chemistry. Regiospecific and asymmetric introduction of functionalized branching in carbohydrates, Carbohydr. Res. 26 264 (1973). 

Fio. 8.—Relation between Consumption of Sodium Hydroxide and Concentration of Carbohydrate m Aqueous Solution.1 (Concentration of polysaccharides is expressed in mole of n-glucose residue per liter of solution. Initial concentration of sodium hydroxide is 0.25 M. mole of sodium hydroxide consumed per mole of carbohydrate. Carbohydrates D-glucose O, D-fructose , sucrose X, lactose , maltose , starch , and dextrin A.)... 

Rojo J, Morales JC,Penades S (2002) Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Interactions in Biological... 

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