Major fatty acids oleic

The major fatty acids present in plant-derived fatty substances are oleic acid (9-octadecenoic, C18 l), linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic, C18 2) and the conjugated isomers thereof and linolenic acid (9,12,15-octadecatrienoic, C18 3) (Scheme 31.1). Their rates of oxygen absorption are 100 40 1, respectively, hence partial hydrogenation with consequent lowering of the iodine number would lead to a significant increase in oxidative stabihty, particularly when C18 3 is reduced. 

Fatty acids and sphingosines. The lipid composition of the four monosialogangliosides is shown in Table II. The major fatty acids are palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. The long chain base is composed mainly of C-18 sphingosine with less than 20% of dihydrosphingosine. 

Ricinoleic acid (Figure 3.8) is the major fatty acid found in castor oil from seeds of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae), and is the 12-hydroxy derivative of oleic acid. It is formed by direct hydroxylation of oleic acid (usually esterified as part of a phospholipid) by the action of an 02- and NADPH-dependent mixed function oxidase, but this is not of the cytochrome P-450 type. Castor oil has a long history of use as a domestic purgative, but it is now mainly employed as a cream base. Undecenoic acid (A9-undecenoic acid) can be obtained from ricinoleic acid by thermal degradation, and as the zinc salt or in ester form is used in fungistatic preparations. 

Table II lists the increases for the four major fatty acids in the free fatty acid fraction. Collectively, palmitic (C. q), oleic (Cig.), linoleic (C g an< lin°lenic comprise greater...

Esters of the fatty acid oleic acid are components of membranes that are subject to autoxidation. Explain which hydrogens of an oleate ester you expect to be abstracted most readily by a radical. Show the structures of the major autoxidation products that would be formed from an oleate ester. 

The extraction of seed with ether yields a dark green, fatty oil. The major fatty acid is oleic acid, which is followed by pet-roselinic acid. The fatty acid composition is indicated in Table 18.1. 

Palmitic acid (C16 saturated) is the most common fatty acid in living things. Oleic acid (C g mono-unsaturated) is the major fatty acid in olive oil. Arachidonic acid (C20 tctra-unsaturated) is a rare fatty acid, which is the precursor of the very important prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, of which more later. 

Ruminant milk fats are characterized by a much greater variety of component fatty acids. Lower saturated acids with 4 to 10 carbon atoms are present in relatively large amounts. The major fatty acids are palmitic, oleic, and stearic. 

Avocado Persea americana). The avocado grows in tropical and subtropical countries between 40°N and 40°S and is available particularly from California, Florida, Israel, New Zealand, and South Africa. Like the palm and the olive, lipid is concentrated in the fruit pulp (4—25%) from which it can be pressed. There is very little oil in the seed (2%). The oil is used widely in cosmetic products as it is easily absorbed by the skin, and its unsaponifiable material is reported to provide some protection from the sun. It is also available as a high-oleic speciality oil for food use. It is rich in chlorophyll, making it green before processing. It contains 16 0 (10-20%), 18 1 (60-70%), and 18 2 (10-15%) as its major fatty acids. Its unsaponifiable matter, total sterol, and tocopherol levels have been reported (74-78). 

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale). Toschi et al. (91) have given details of the fatty acids, triacylglycerols, sterols, and tocopherols in cashew nut oil. The major fatty acids are palmitic (9-14%), stearic (6-12%), oleic (57-65%), and linoleic (16-18%), and the major triacylglycerols are OOO, POO, OOSt, OOL, and POL. 

Melon Citrullus colocythis and C. vulgaris). This seed oil has been examined in terms of its fatty acids and phospholipids by Akoh and Nwosu (139). The major fatty acids in the total lipids are palmitic (11% and 12%), stearic (7% and 11%), oleic (10% and 14%), and linoleic acid (71% and 63%) for two samples. 

Waxes are present as long-chain fatty acid esters with fatty alcohols, methanol, and ethanol. Fatty acid analysis showed that behenic (C 22), lignoceric (C 24), and palmitic acids (C 16) are the major fatty acid for longer alkyl esters and oleic and palmitic for the shorter alkyl esters (Table 4) (24). The major alcohols found are for longer alkyl esters. These are as follows ... 

Sunflower Fatty Acids Regular sunflower oil is characterized by a high concentration of linoleic acid, followed by oleic acid. Saturated fatty acids (mainly palmitic acid and stearic acid) do not amount to more than 15% of the fatty acid content. Table 1 shows the variation range of major fatty acids in regular sunflower oil (9, 20). 

Table 7 shows the fatty acid composition of different citrus seed oils. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids is approximately 2 1 (9), although this ratio was reported to be in the range of 3-5 1 by Nagy (35). Generally, different varieties, cultivar, location, storage condition, and harvesting time of citrus fruit may lead to this variation. Table 8 shows the content of the six major fatty acids in different citrus seed oils these are linoleic (C18 2), palmitic (C16 0), oleic (C18 l), linolenic (C18 3), stearic (C18 0), and palmitoleic (C16 l) acids. 

The proximate composition of almond includes 50.6% lipid, 21.3% protein, 19.7% carbohydrate, 5.3% water, and 3.1% ash (w/w) (1). The most common method for producing almond oil is hexane extraction that affords high oil yields, however, cold pressing is another commercially used procedure for almond oil production (8). Shi et al. (8) assessed the fatty acid composition of almond oil oleic acid was major fatty acid present (68%), followed by hnoleic acid (25%), palmitic acid (4.7%), and small amounts (<2.3%) of palmitoleic, stearic, and ara-chidic acids (Table 1). Almond oil is also a rich source of a-tocopherol (around 390 mg/kg) and contains trace amounts of other tocopherol isomers as well as phyl-loquinone (70pg/kg) (1). Almond oil contains 2.6g/kg phytosterols, mainly p-sitosterol, with trace amounts of stigmasterol and campesterol (1). 

Linoleic acid (Cl8 2) was the predominant component of barley neutral lipids (Table 28). Oleic (18 1) and palmitic acid (16 0) were the other major fatty acids in all the barley fractions. A significant amount of polyunsaturated acid, hnolenic (18 3), was also detected in all the barley fractions. Arachidic acid (C20 0) was present in measurable amounts in hull fraction of barley. 

The fatty acid composition of oat lipids is similar to that of the barley oil (Table 28). Linoleic acid is the major fatty acid in all the grain fractions. Oat lipids are also rich in oleic acid. Palmitic acid is the third major fatty acid in oat oil. 

Colocynthis citrullus seed oil and found that it contained a relatively high percentage of linoleic acid that accounted for 57.7% of total fatty acids (Table 4) (26). Oleic acid was the second major fatty acid (14.5%). The seed oil contained about 25.3% saturated fatty acids (Table 4). Moussata and Akoh (27) also reported a similar fatty acid profile of Colocynthis citrullus L. seed oil. The primary fatty acid was linoleic acid, contributing 65.4% of total fats. The other significant fatty acids included oleic (13.5%), palmitic (12.1%), and stearic (9.0%) acids (Table 4). 

Paprika Capsicum annuum) is a commonly used flavor enhancer, and following production, the seeds are treated as waste. Paprika seed oils have been evaluated for their physicochemical properties (22, 23, 32). Paprika seed oil contained more than 82% of total unsaturated fatty acids, with polyunsaturated fatty acids comprising 67.8% of total fatty acids (Table 4) (22, 23). Oleic acid was the second major fatty acid at approximately 15% of the total. This fatty acid profile was consistent with a previous observation by Domokos et al. (32) on the fatty acid profile of Hungarian paprika seed oils. Linoleic acid comprised 74.4% of the total fat, whereas oleic and palmitic acid made up 9.8% and 11.2% of total fat, respectively (32). The paprika seed oil was determined to contain 870 mg/kg oil total tocopherols, 380 mg/kg oil carotenoids, and 0.92% phytosterols (32). 

Mango seed kernels contain about 4-12% total fat (45 7). Mango seed kernel oil is rich in oleic acid (Table 7), and exhibited 42% (47), 34—59% (45), and 41 )4% of total fatty acids (46). Stearic acid is the other major fatty acid in mango seed kernel... 

The cherry tree Prunus avium L.) is a member of the Rosaceae family. Cherry seed contains about 18% oil on a dry weight basis (48). Significant levels of oleic acid were detected in the cherry seed oils prepared by hexane extraction using a Soxhlet apparatus. Oleic acid comprised 24—38% of the total fatty acids from three different varieties of cherry fruits (Table 7) (48). Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid in the cherry seed oil, and ranged 40 9% in the seed oil, along with ot-eleostearic (18 n-5), palmitic, stearic, arachidonic, and ot-linolenic acids (Table 7). alpha-eleostearic acid comprising 10-13% of cherry seed oil, is a conjugated... 

Thromboxane syn esis in platelets is triggered by the release of AA from platelet membrane phospholipids (14). This initial release appears to occur through activation of two major pathways a) the first pathway involves a sequoitial hydrolysis of 1, 2-diacylglycerol (DAG) fcxmed during platelet receptm -coupled activatirm of phospholipase C/D (PLC/PLD), by DAG- and monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipases, re )ectivefy (21,22). We have shown that hydrolysis of DAG by this pathwty results equimolar amounts of saturated fat acids (stearic palmitic acids) fixxn the sn-1 position and unsaturated fatty acids [oleic acid (18 1, -9), linoleic acid (18 2, co-6) and... 

Oleic acid (18 1 tjj9), a monounsaturated fatty acid, is the major fatty add in human milk. Oleic acid, as well as the products resulting from its further desaturation and elongation, are called the omegit-9 fatty adds. The omega-9 fatty acid 24 l(u9 is a major fatty acid in the membranes of nerves. The omega-9 fatty add 20 3to9 is called the Mead acid. Mead acid accumulates in the body in response to a defi-... 

Com oil is composed of fatty acid esters with glycerol, known commonly as triglycerides. Typical com oil produced in the USA contains five major fatty acids linoleic 58.9% oleic 25.8% palmitic 11.0% stearic 1.7% and linolenic 1.1%. Com grown outside the USA yields com oil with lower linoleic, higher oleic, and higher saturated fatty acid levels. Corn oil also contains small quantities of plant sterols. 

Seong-Sil-Kang et al. (36) studied wastes from squid processing factories because they contain high levels of EPA and DHA. Extractions were performed with and without 3% ethanol as entrainer in a semi continuous flow extractor with pressures in the range of 83-138 bar and temperatures of 25-50°C to improve the extraction efficiency. The extracts they obtained contained high levels of DHA, EPA and other PUPA. Highest extraction yield was achieved at 124 bar and 40°C with or without ethanol. Major fatty acids detected in the extracts (in addition to DHA and EPA) were myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and arachidic acid. 

The major fatty acids in PKO are Cn (lauric acid) at about 48%, Cm (myristic acid) at about 16% and 18 1 (oleic acid) at about 15% (Codex 2001). No other fatty acid is present at more than 10%. The heavy preponderance of a single saturated fatty acid, combined with low levels of unsaturation, gives the oil its steep melting profile. 

---