Fatty oleic acid

Figure 14-5. Geometric isomerism of A , 18 1 fatty acids (oleic and elaidic acids).

Fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids) from resin acids Silicalite-1 Acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, 3-pentanone [178]... 

Note that the term trans fats refers to fats containing trans fatty acids. At a couple of points earlier, 1 emphasized that aU the common unsaturated fatty acids possess cis carbon-carbon double bonds. It is true that some common foods—beef and dairy products—contain very small amounts of trans fatty acids but it is also true that the vast preponderance of dietary trans fats come from processed foods. Here is one example of a normal cis fatty acid—oleic acid—and its trans isomer ... 

Figure 5.1 The structure of a glycerophospholipid. A simple diagram showing the charges on the head group. In this struction, palmitic and oleic acids, provide the hydrophobic component of the phospholipids and choline (and four bases) and the phosphate group provide the hydrophilic head. The unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, provides a kink in the structure and therefore some flexibility in the membrane structure which allows for fluidity. The more unsaturated the fatty acid, the larger is the kink and hence more fluidity in the membrane. Cholesterol molecules can fill the gaps left by the kink and hence reduce flexibility. Hydroxyl groups on the bases marked are those that form phosphoester links. Choline and inositol may sometimes be deficient in the diet so that they are, possibly, essential micronutrients (Chapter 15).

Saturated fatty acids (no double bonds), such as myristic, palmitic, and stearic, make up two-thirds of milk fatty acids. Oleic acid is the most abundant unsaturated fatty acid in milk, with one double bond. Triglycerides account for 98% of milk fat. The small amounts of mono-, diglycerides, and free fatty acids in fresh milk may be... 

Studies are currently underway in Moscow on the suitability of using sodium caseinate nanoparticles as carriers for phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) containing > 80% unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, linolenic). In particular, it has been established that phosphatidylcholine oxidation can be reduced, or effectively eliminated altogether, in dispersed systems containing complexes with the protein (see Figure 2.4). 

A simple transposition of a C=C bond occurs during metabolism of the common fatty acid oleic acid (see Fig. 17-9), and you will encounter some spectacular examples of double-bond repositioning in the synthesis of cholesterol (see Fig. 21-35). 

FIGURE 12.5 The fatty acid, oleic acid, illustrating the bent cis structure that would disrupt intercellular lipid packing much more than the trans form. 

Whole soybeans contain 360-370 g/kg CP, whereas soybean meal contains 410-500 g/kg CP depending on efficiency of the oil-extraction process and the amount of residual hulls present. The oil has a high content of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic (08 2) and linolenic (08 3) acids. It also contains high amounts of another unsaturated fatty acid, oleic (08 1) and moderate amounts of the saturated fatty acids, palmitic (06 0) and stearic (08 0). 

FIGURE 7.7 Formation of y-decalactone from unsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid adapted from Haffner and Tressl, 1996). 

Fig. 9 Commonly found unsaturated fatty acids oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid...

How can one convert the potassium salt of a fatty acid (i.e., potassium oleate) into a fatty acid (oleic acid) ... 

Esters of the fatty acid oleic acid are components of membranes that are subject to autoxidation. Explain which hydrogens of an oleate ester you expect to be abstracted most readily by a radical. Show the structures of the major autoxidation products that would be formed from an oleate ester. 

The tissue of the fruits contains fatty oil with resin, mucilage and gum, malates and albuminous matter and, in the outer seed-coat, there are significant amounts of tannin. The yield of ash is about 8%. Dried cumin fruits contain essential oil with over 100 different chemical constituents, including abundant sources of the essential fatty acids, oleic acid (3%), linoleic acid (34%), flavonoid glycosides, tannins, resins and gum (Singh et al., 2006). 

In human adipose tissue, palmitoyl-CoA is usually used in the first glycerol-3-phosphate acylation reaction. The next two acyl residues are normally unsaturated fatty acids oleic acid and, less commonly, linoleic acid. Triglyceride biosynthesis is stimulated by insulin, most likely via its activation of lipoprotein lipase and its activity in moving glucose into the cells. 

A peach coloured oil with a delicate nutty aroma. Emollient and highly nourishing it is particularly suited to dry and mature skins. It is unusual in that it is comparatively high in the unsaturated fatty acids oleic acid (55-67%), pal-mitoleic acid (18-25%), palmitic acid (7.0-9.5%), stearic acid (2.0-5.5%) and myristic acid (0.6-1.6%). It has good keeping properties, as it is quite resistant to oxidation. There are no reported irritation or allergy reactions in skin testing. 

Ip, C. 1997. Review of the effects of trans fatty acids, oleic acid, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and conjugated linoleic acid on mammary carcinogenesis in animals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66, 1523S-1529S. 

Is the Iodine Value found in EN 14214 based on science It is certainly not so in an absolute way, but some relation cannot be denied. Frankel (2005) for example clearly states that oxidation stability is a function of two things the number of double bounds, and their position towards one another in the fatty acid. Oleic acid with one double bound oxidizes 40 times slower than linoleic acid with two double bounds, and one bis-allylic position in-between both. Linolenic acid with three double bounds separated with two bis-allylic positions oxidizes only 2.5 times faster than linoleic acid. Oxidation is a radical driven reaction, and the bis-allylic positions are a much more favorable point of attack than the allylic positions next to the double bound. 

Various unsaturated fatty acids were efficiently used for the production of various hydroxy fatty acids by bacterial strain P. aeruginosa PR3. Among those unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid, ricinoleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid,... 

Color (AOCS-Wesson) Not more than 20 yellow/2.0 red. Free Fatty Acids Oleic Acid Not more than 0.1% Laurie Acid Not more than 0.07%. 

More than 100 difTerent faUy acids hav. been identified about 4( of them occur widely. Palmitic acid stearic acid (C, ) are the most abundant saturated fatty acids oleic and linoletc acids cC,m) are the most abundant unsaturated ones. Oleic acid is monoiuisaturated since it hastmly one double bond, whereas lineleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids, or Pt PA s, because they have more than one double bond. Linoleic and tinolenic acids occur in cream and ore essen tial in fhs b arn an diet infants grow poorly and develop akin lesions if fed a diet of notuCat iniVk for prolonged periods. 

Source % Saturated fatty acids % Oleic acid % Linoleic acid... 

Free fatty acids, % oleic range 1-7% but usually 2-5%... 

Thromboxane syn esis in platelets is triggered by the release of AA from platelet membrane phospholipids (14). This initial release appears to occur through activation of two major pathways a) the first pathway involves a sequoitial hydrolysis of 1, 2-diacylglycerol (DAG) fcxmed during platelet receptm -coupled activatirm of phospholipase C/D (PLC/PLD), by DAG- and monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipases, re )ectivefy (21,22). We have shown that hydrolysis of DAG by this pathwty results equimolar amounts of saturated fat acids (stearic palmitic acids) fixxn the sn-1 position and unsaturated fatty acids [oleic acid (18 1, -9), linoleic acid (18 2, co-6) and... 

Triglycerides containing saturated fatty acids easily form a compact structure, when placed together, and form a solid at room temperature. Where the fatty acids contain double bonds in the usual cis conformation, the cis double bonds create bends in the fatty acid, which impair close packing, and result in a liquid (oil). Where the fatty acids are in the trans conformation, the ability to pack closely is in between triglycerides with saturated and cis fatty acids. Oleic acid, a cis fatty acid, is 18 1, as noted earlier. The corresponding 18 1 trans fatty acid is called elaidic acid. Elaidic acid is abbreviated as trans 18 1. 

Triterpenols and sterols are present as free or esterified with fatty acids (oleic acid and linoleic acid as the most relevant). Total content of triterpens is between 100-300 mg/100 g of oil. 24-Methylen-cycloartanol and cycloartenol are dominant. Erythrodiol, uvaol and triterpenic acids (ursolic, oleanolic acids etc) have been described in the imsaponifiable fraction of olive oil. The terpenoid fraction is complex and many constituents are still imdefined. 

Fatty acids can be grouped into two main categories depending on the presence or absence of double bonds between carbon atoms. Fatty acids that contain no double bonds are referred to as saturated. Those that have one or more double bonds are called unsaturated. Figure 24-12 shows the structures of two common fatty acids. Stearic acid is an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid oleic acid is an 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acid. What makes oleic acid unsaturated ... 

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