Magnesium hydroxide ethanol

Reaction (1) usually proceeds readily provided the magnesium is activated with iodine and the water content does not exceed 1 per cent. Subsequent interaction between the magnesium ethanolate and water gives the highly insoluble magnesium hydroxide only a slight excess of magnesium is therefore necessary. 

Results The carbonic acid, the hypochlorous acid, the boric acid, and the acetylsalicylic acid turned the blue litmus paper to red, but had no effect on the red litmus paper. The sodium hydroxide and the ammonium hydroxide turned the red litmus paper to blue, but had no effect on the blue litmus paper. The sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, ethanol, salad oil, and sodium bicarbonate had no effect on either the red or blue litmus paper. 

Similar results were also obtained in other systems, for example, in the case of the adsorption of ethanol on magnesium hydroxide. The adsorption of water is the reason for the reduced strength of all hydrophilic construction materials, such as cements and gypsum dehydrate. 

FIGU RE 7.58 Change in the compressive strength of magnesium hydroxide specimens due to the adsorption of (a) water and (b) ethanol. (From Shchukin, E.D., Some colloid-chemical aspects of the small particles contact interactions, in Fine Particles Science and Technology, E. Pelizzetti (Ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1996, pp. 239-253.)... 

In the days of alchemy and the phlogiston theory, no system of nomenclature that would be considered logical ia the 1990s was possible. Names were not based on composition, but on historical association, eg, Glauber s salt for sodium sulfate decahydrate and Epsom salt for magnesium sulfate physical characteristics, eg, spirit of wiae for ethanol, oil of vitriol for sulfuric acid, butter of antimony for antimony trichloride, Hver of sulfur for potassium sulfide, and cream of tartar for potassium hydrogen tartrate or physiological behavior, eg, caustic soda for sodium hydroxide. Some of these common or trivial names persist, especially ia the nonchemical Hterature. Such names were a necessity at the time they were iatroduced because the concept of molecular stmcture had not been developed, and even elemental composition was incomplete or iadeterminate for many substances. 

A stirred mixture of 11 g of 6-chloro-a-methylcarbazole-2-acetic acid ethyl ester, 100 ml ethanol and 100 ml of 3N sodium hydroxide was heated (N2 atmosphere). After 2 hours at reflux, the reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. Water (300 ml) and ice (200 g) were added to the residue and concentrated hydrochloric acid was added until the mixture was strongly acid. The acidic mixture was extracted with ether (3 X 200 ml). The ether extracts were combined, washed by extraction with water (3 x 100 ml) and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Following filtration of the desiccant and evaporation of the solvent, a yield of 9.8 g (98.2%) was obtained. Crystallization from CHCI3 yielded 6.2 g (62.0%) of 6-chloro-0 -methylcarbazole-2-acetic acid, MP 197°-198°C. A second crop of 1.6g,MP 195°-199°C was obtained from the mother liquors. 

The diacetate is dissolved in 25 ml. of 95% ethanol, a solution of 2.9 g. (0.073 mole) of sodium hydroxide in 11ml. of water is added, and the resulting mixture is heated under reflux for 3 hours. The solution is concentrated by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure, and the remaining syrup is extracted with six 50-ml. portions of chloroform. The combined extracts are dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated, providing 3.1-3.3 g. of a pale brown crystalline solid that melts at 97-103°. Recrystallization from carbon tetrachloride gives 2.5-2.7 g. (65-70% based on iodine) of trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol, m.p. 103-104° (Note 8). 

B. Hydrogenolysis of the Phenolic Ether Biphenyl. To a solution of 10 g. (0.032 mole) of the product from Part A in 200 ml. of benzene is added 2 g. of 5% palladium-on-charcoal, and the mixture is shaken with hydrogen in a Parr apparatus at 40 p.s.i. and 35-40° for 8 hours (Note 3). The mixture is filtered, and the insoluble residue is washed with three 100-ml. portions of hot ethanol (Note 4). The filtrates are combined, and the solvent is removed by means of a rotary evaporator at 60° (12 mm.) to leave a solid residue. The product is dissolved in 100 ml. of benzene, and 100 ml. of 10% sodium hydroxide solution is added. The mixture is shaken, and the layers are separated. The aqueous layer is extracted with 100 ml. of benzene, and the original benzene layer is washed with 100 ml. of water (Note 5). The benzene solutions are combined and dried over magnesium sulfate. Removal of the benzene by distillation yields 4.0-4.7 g. (82-96%) of biphenyl as a white powder, m.p. 68-70° (Note 6). The infrared spectrum is identical with that of an authentic sample, and a purity of at least 99.5% was indicated by gas chromatography analysis. 

Sodium hydroxide. Sodium cyanide. Bromine, Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid. Bromine, Sodium cyanide Acetone, Sulfuric acid. Bromine, Methylene chloride Biguanide, Ethanol, Perchloric acid. Ethyl acetate l,3-Dichloro-2-propanol, Trioxane, 1,2-Dichloroethane, Sulfuric acid, Sodium bicarbonate, Dimethylsulfoxide, Sodium azide. Methylene chloride Ammonium nitrate, Nitromethane Ammonium nitrate, Hydrazine Sodium nitrate, Sulfur, Charcoal Potassium nitrate, Sulfur, Charcoal Magnesium powder, Hexachlorethane, Naphthalene... 

TNB, Methanol, Potassium iodide, Hydrochloric acid, Sodium bisulfite, Methylene chloride, Magnesium sulfate Hydroxylamine hydrochloride, Glyoxal, Sodium carbonate, Ethanol, Chlorine, Chloroform, Methanol, Ethylenediamine, Ethylene glycol, Sodium hydroxide, Trifluoroacetic anhydride, Nitric acid, Acetone... 

Glacial acetic acid. Aluminum foil. Toluene, Methylene iodide. Acetonitrile, Tetrahydrofuran, Sodium hydroxide. Acetone, Magnesium sulfate. Aluminum chloride. Chloroform Ethylenediamine, Glyoxal, Sodium nitrite. Hydrochloric acid. Nitric acid. Ethanol 4,4,4-Trinitrobutryaldehyde, Methanol, Sodium borohydride. Hydrochloric acid. Methylene chloride. Sodium bicarbonate. Magnesium sulfate... 

Ethyl chloride. Magnesium metal turnings, Tetrahydrofuran, Arsenic trichloride. Hexanes Tetraethyl lead. Arsenic trichloride Ethylenediamine, Nitric acid. Ethanol Nitric acid. Ethanol, N,N"-Diethanolethylenediamine Dinitrate ethylene glycol. Nitric acid. Sulfuric acid Ammonium nitrate. Water, Oil, Oleic acid. Sodium hydroxide Sulfuric acid, Erythritol, Nitric acid. Sodium carbonate. Ethanol... 

The bimolecular reduction of aromatic nitro compounds, depending on reaction conditions, may produce azoxy compounds, azo compounds, hydrazo compounds (1,2-diarylhydrazines), benzidines, or amines. Whereas the reduction with zinc and sodium hydroxide leads to azo compounds, zinc and acetic acid/acetic anhydride produces azoxy compounds. Other reducing agents suggested are stannous chloride, magnesium with anhydrous methanol, a sodium-lead alloy in ethanol, thallium in ethanol, and sodium arsenite. 

A solution of 40 g. (0.2 mole) of sec-butyl 3-methylheptanoate in 100 ml. of ethanol containing 18.5 g. (0.3 mole) of potassium hydroxide and 20 ml. of water is heated under reflux for 30 minutes (Notes 7 and 8). The cooled solution is diluted with 200 ml. of water and acidified by the addition of 60 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The organic acid is extracted with three 100-ml. portions of 1 1 benzene-ether, and the combined benzene-ether extracts are washed with 50 ml. of saturated sodium chloride solution. The resulting solution is filtered by gravity through a bed of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. After removal of solvents by distillation, 26-27 g. (90-94%) of 3-methylheptanoic acid, b.p. 116-117710 mm., d 1.4242, is obtained by distillation in a modified Claisen flask (Note 9). 

Alcohols, (a) Monohydric The common impurities in alcohols are aldehydes or ketones, and water. [Ethanol in Chapter 3 is typical.] Aldehydes and ketones can be removed by adding a small amount of sodium metal and refluxing for 2 hours, followed by distillation. Water can be removed in a similar way but it is preferable to use magnesium metal instead of sodium because it forms a more insoluble hydroxide, thereby shifting the equilibrium more completely from metal alkoxide to metal hydroxide. The magnesium should be activated with iodine (or a small amount of methyl iodide), and the water content should be low, otherwise the magnesium will be deactivated. 

Fuller s earth (hydrated aluminosilicate) Magnesium oxide Charcoal Alumina Magnesium trisilicate Silica gel Calcium hydroxide Magnesium carbonate Calcium phosphate Calcium carbonate Sodium carbonate Talc Inulin Sucrose = starch Petroleum ether, b 40-60°- Petroleum ether, b 60-80°. Carbon tetrachloride. Cyclohexane. Benzene. Ethyl ether. Chloroform. Ethyl acetate. Acetone. Ethanol. Methanol. Pyridine. Acetic acid. 

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