Infiltrating macrophages

In addition, ETB receptors are upregulated in vessels with atherosclerotic lesions and in pulmonary vessels of patients with severe pulmonary hypertension. The upregulation can be attributed to increased ETB receptor expression in smooth muscle cells and to ETB receptors expressed on infiltrating macrophages. 

Fig. 1. Peripheral and central mechanism of neuropathic pain caused by vincristine. The upper diagram shows the effect of vincristine on the peripheral nervous system (comprising Schwann cells and the dorsal root ganglion (DRG)) and the involvement of interleukin (IL)-6 derived from infiltrating macrophages in neuropathic pain caused by vincristine. The lower diagram shows the effect of vincristine on the central nervous system, and the involvement of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) derived from activated microglia and astrocytes in neuropathic pain caused by vincristine.

Cytokines are important mediators in the inflammatory demy-elination observed in MS, EAE, X-adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), and Theiler s virus infection, hi these pathologies, pro-inflammatory cytokines and others factors released by endogenous glial cells and/or infiltrated macrophages and CD4 Thl cells, accumulate and exert pleiotropic effects on... 

KMO is a NADPH-dependant flavin monooxygenase which is localized to the outer membrane of mitochondria [66]. KMO is expressed at high levels in the liver, endothelial cells, and monocytic cells and to a lower extent in the brain. Here, its expression is mainly found in cells of glial nature, specifically in microglial cells and in infiltrating macrophages, whereas little or no expression has been found in astrocytes or in neurons [12, 67]. However, the lack of good antibodies to detect... 

The major oxidative or nitrosative stress in tumours probably arises from infiltrating macrophages, which can produce both superoxide and nitric oxide radicals [38,39] via an NADPH-oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) respectively. NOS activity is elevated in some common tumours compared to adjacent, normal tissue [40,41], and the implications of nitric oxide production in cancer therapy have been reviewed [42,43]. (NOS is a flavoprotein which can also reduce oxygen to superoxide if the normal substrate (L-arginine) is depleted [44].)... 

Obesity is associated with a state of chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation. The adipocytes themselves, as well as the infiltrated macrophages in the adipose tissue in an obese state, express inflammatory cytokines. This low-grade systemic inflammation is caused, at least in part, by translocation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide... 

Lipton HL, Kumar AS, Trottier M (2005) Theiler s vims persistence in the central nervous system of mice is associated with continuous viral replication and a difference in outcome of infection of infiltrating macrophages versus oligodendrocytes. Vims Res 111 214—223... 

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