Nanoparticle Loading

Polymeric Nanoparticles for Antigen Delivery and Adjuvant 3.1 Preparation of Antigen-Loaded Nanoparticles... 

Bibby DC, Talmadge JE, Dalai MK, Kurz SG, Chytil KM, Barry SE, Shand DG, Steiert M (2005) Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of RGD-targeted doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles in tumor-bearing mice. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 293 281-290. 

Steiniger SC, Kreuter J, Khalansky AS, Skidan IN, Bobruskin AI, Smirnova ZS, Severin SE, Uhl R, Kock M, Geiger KD, Gelperina SE (2004) Chemotherapy of glioblastoma in rats using doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles. Int J Cancer 109 759-767... 

The carbon or silica-loaded nanoparticles were treated in a tube-furnace under controlled temperature and atmosphere. A typical protocol involved shell removal by heating at 300°C under 20% O2/N2 for 1 h and calcination at 400°C under 15% H2/N2 for 2 h. The carbon-loaded Au or AuPt nanoparticles are denoted as Au/C or AuPt/C. The silica-loaded AuPt nanoparticles are denoted as AuPt/Si02. 

Fishbein I, Chorny M, Banai S, et al. Formulation and delivery mode affect disposition and activity of tyrphostin-loaded nanoparticles in the rat carotid model. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 2001 21 1434-1439. 

Figure 7 Release profiles of doxorubicin from the two nanoparticles free doxorubicin encapsulated nanoparticles and PLGA-doxorubicin loaded nanoparticles (adapted with permission from the publisher [24]).

A new class of metal-loaded nanoparticles was developed by Reynolds et al. (95). These materials have a core-shell morphology, where the core is a functionalized polymer with a high affinity to the Gd(III) ions. The core polymer contained monomers with carboxylate pendant arms, such as ethylacrylate, methacrylate, butylacrylate or allylmethacrylate. The shell consisted of a... 

For mixed metal oxides obtained from their hydroxide or carbonate precursors after calcination, it is generally difficult to determine whether the as-prepared precursor is a single-phase or multiphase solid solution [35]. Non-aqueous solvents appear superior for achieving two dissimilar metal oxides such as MM Oz or MM 04 precipitates such reactions cannot be carried out simultaneously in aqueous solution due to the large variations in pH necessary to induce precipitations [41,42]. Table 6.1 summarizes some of the nanoparticulate semiconducting metal oxides and mixed metal oxides prepared via co-precipitation techniques. The general procedure of achieving metal loaded nanoparticles on an oxide support is shown in Fig.6.5. 

Fig. 6.5 Syntheses of metal loaded nanoparticles (Au) on metal oxide supports using impregnation, coprecipitation, deposition-precipitation, and photo-deposition methods. For Pt loaded nanoparticles H2PtCl6 (aq) is used.

Fig. 7. Schematic representation of a Gd-loaded nanoparticle targeted to an antigen by using a biotin-avidin linkage to a mAb (gray circles represent Gd(III) chelates and white triangles stand for biotin), adapted from Anderson et al. [56], see text)...

Allemann, E., R. Gurny, and E. Doelker. 1993. Drug-loaded nanoparticles preparation methods and drug targeting issues. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 39 173. 

Fig. 9.4 Glycemia levels after oral administration of insulin-loaded nanoparticles 50 IU/kg (black squares), oral insulin solution (white squares), empty nanoparticles (black triangles) and physical mixture of empty nanoparticles, and insulin solution 50 IU/kg (white triangles). Adapted from Sarmento et al. (2007a, b)...

Soma, C. E., C. Dubernet, et al. (1999). Ability of doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles to overcome multidrug resistance of tumor cells after their capture by macrophages. Pharm Res 16(11) 1710-6. 

Several methods have been developed for preparing nanoparticles and are optimized on the basis of their physicochemical properties (e.g., size and hy-drophilicity) with regard to their in vivo fate after parenteral administration. The selection of the appropriate method for preparing drug-loaded nanoparticles depends on the physicochemical properties of the polymer and the drug. On the other hand, the procedure and the formulation conditions will determine the inner structure of these polymeric colloidal systems. Two types of systems with different inner structures are possible ... 

The model protein chosen for the loaded nanoparticles was ovalbumin (OVA), a weak antigen. 

The polymer chemistry (the choice of polymers in two polymeric mixtures) was selected to allow identification of individual contributions to the product composition (System 1). Generic equations can be proposed to provide a framework for experimentation and calculations, for reactions involving both unloaded and loaded nanoparticles ... 

In order to assign stoichiometric contributions of both chitosan and ovalbumin (both contain nitrogen) to the final product for loaded nanoparticles, the amount of protein nitrogen contributed by ovalbumin was assessed by a spec-... 

McCarron, P. A., Donnelly, R. F., Canning, P. E., McGovern, J. G., and Jones, D. S. (2004), Bioadhesive, non-drug-loaded nanoparticles as modulators of candidal adherence to buccal epithelial cells A potentially novel prophylaxis for candidosis, Biomaterials, 25(12), 2399-2407. 

Sahoo, S. K., Ma, W., and Labhasetwar, V. (2004), Efficacy of transferrin-conjugated paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles in a murine model of prostate cancer, Int. J. Cancer, 112(2), 335-340. 

High Loading Nanoparticles are prepared directly from preformed drug-amphiphilic CD complexes and further loaded by the addition of drug solution in the organic phase. 

Drug-loaded nanoparticles were also evaluated for their safety and efficacy. Paclitaxel-encapsulated 6-O-CAPRO-p-CD nanospheres and nanocapsules were evaluated for their physical stability in a one-month period in aqueous dispersion form with repeated particle size and zeta potential measurements and AFM imaging to evaluate recrystallization in aqueous medium. Paclitaxel-loaded amphiphilic CD nanoparticles were found to be physically stable for a period of one month whereas recrystallization occurs within minutes when diluted for intravenous (IV) infusion [85], Finally, paclitaxel-loaded amphiphilic nanoparticles were demonstrated to show similar anticancer efficacy against MCF-7 cells when compared to paclitaxel solution in a cremophor vehicle [85],... 

Qrrpanh. Y., Bilensoy, E., Qali , S., and Hincal, A. A. (2007), Development of camptothecin loaded nanoparticles from amphiphilic P-cyclodextrin derivatives, paper presented at the Pharmaceutical Sciences World Congress PSWC, Amsterdam, April, 22-25. 

Balland, O. Pinto-Alphandary, H. Pecquet, S. Andremont, A. Couvreur, P. The uptake of ampicillin-loaded nanoparticles by murine macrophages infected with salmonella typhimurium. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1994, 33, 509-522. 

Pinto-Alphandary, H. Balland, O. Laurent, M. Andremont, A. Puisieux, F. Couvreur, P. Intracellular visualization of ampicillin-loaded nanoparticles in peritoneal macrophages infected in vitro with salmonella typhimurium. Pharm. Res. 1994, 11, 38 6. 

Caspar, R. Opperdoes, F.R. Preat, V. Roland, M. Drug targeting with polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles—in vitro activity of primaquine-loaded nanoparticles against intracellular leishmania-donovani. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1992, 86, 41-49. 

Chiannilkulchai, N. Driouich, Z. Benoit, J.P. Parodi, A.L. Couvreur, P. Doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles increased efficiency in murine hepatic metastases. Sel. Cancer Ther. 1989, 5, 1-11. 

Chiannilkulchai, N. Ammoury, N. Caillou, B. Devissaguet, J.P. Couvreur, P. Hepatic tissue distribution of doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles after I.V. Administration in reticulosarcoma M 5076 metastasis-bearing mice. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1990, 26, 122-126. 

Nemati, F. Dubernet, C. Colin de Verdifere, A. Poupon, M.F. Treupel Acar, L. Puisieux, F. Couvreur, P. Some parameters influencing cytotoxicity of free doxorubicin loaded nanoparticles in sensitive and multidrug resistant leucemic murine cells incubation time, number of particles per cell. Int. J. Pharm. 1994, 102, 55-62. 

Oyewumi, M.O. Mumper, R.J. Gadolinium-loaded nanoparticles engineered from microemulsion templates. Dmg Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2002, 28 (3), 317-328. 

Cheng, J. Davis, M.E. Khin, K.T. Cyclodextrin-Based Polymers for Therapeutics Delivery. US Patent 20040077595 Al, Apr 22, 2004 Insert Therapeutics, Inc. Pasadena, CA. Allemann, E. Gurny, R. Doelker, E. Drug-loaded nanoparticles—preparation methods and drug targeting issues. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 1993, 39, 173-191. 

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