Insulin-loaded nanoparticles oral

Fig. 9.4 Glycemia levels after oral administration of insulin-loaded nanoparticles 50 IU/kg (black squares), oral insulin solution (white squares), empty nanoparticles (black triangles) and physical mixture of empty nanoparticles, and insulin solution 50 IU/kg (white triangles). Adapted from Sarmento et al. (2007a, b)...

From detailed cell cultural studies these chitosan derivatives were shown to promote chondrogenesis. Chitosan nanoparticles are shown to enhance oral bioavailability and intestinal absorption of peptide and protein formulations. By ionotropic gelation of chitosan with tripolyphophate anions insulin-loaded nanoparticles have been prepared [230]. 

Pan, Y. Study on preparation and oral efficacy of insulin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles. Yao Xue Xue Bao., 37, 374, 2002. 

A. Insulin loaded CS/AIg self assembled nanoparticles (100 lU/kg body wt) oral delivery Insulin loaded CS/AIg self assembled nanoparticles (50 lU/kg body wt) oral delivery... 

Cui, F, Qian, E, Zhao, Z., Yin, L.,Tang, C. and Yin, C. (2009). Preparation, characterization, and oral delivery of insulin loaded carboxylated chitosan grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules, 10,1253-1258. 

Cui, F., Shi, K., Zhang, L., Tao, A., Kawashima, Y. (2006). Biodegradable nanoparticles loaded with insulin-phospholipid complex for oral delivery preparation, in vitro characterization and in vivo evaluation. Journal of Controlled Release, 114, 242-250. 

Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements and transport smdies implied that CS/y-PGA NPs can be effective as an insulin carrier only in a limited area of the intestinal lumen where the pH values are close to the p/iTa of chitosan. So, a pH-responsive nanoparticle system was self-assembled by TMC and y-PGA for oral delivery of insulin. In contrast, TMC(40% Degree of Quatemisation) / y-PGA NPs may be a suitable carrier for transmucosal delivery of insulin within the entire intestinal tract. The loading efficiency and loading content of insulin in TMC/ y-PGA NPs were 73.8 2.9% and 23.5 2.1%, respectively. TMC/y-PGA NPs had superior stability in a broader pH range to CS/y-PGA NPs the in vitro release profiles of insulin from both test nanoparticles were significantly affected by their stability at distinct pH environments. TEER experiments showed that TMC/y-PGA NPs were able to open the tight junctions between Caco-2 cells, and this was further confirmed by confocal microscopy [66]. 

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