Functionalized polymers with

Gel-type cross-linked functional polymers, with moderate cross-linking degree (4-8% mol) are effective templates... 

Physical crosslinking of carboxyl-functional polymers with multivalent ions... 

The design of functionalized polymers with a specific utilization is seen in new polysiloxanes used by Zeldin (p. 199) as phase transfer catalysts. Novel functional polyphosphazenes have been reported as well by Allcock (p. 250). The introduction of transition metal cyclopentadienyl, metal carbonyl and carborane moieties into polyphosphazene macromolecules is representative of truly novel chemistry achieved after careful model studies with corresponding molecular systems. 

In an extension of the methodology involving DPEs, the preparation of chain-end and in-chain functionalized polymers with a definite number of chloromethylphenyl or bromomethylphenyl groups and their utilization in... 

Copolymers of styrene with 4-vinylpyridine (II) and N-viny1imizado1e (III) were obtained by copolymerization for one day at 60°C in 25 wt% comonomer solutions in toluene, using AIBN as initiator. In all cases the degrees of substitution, a, of the functionalized polymers with ligand groups were derived from the nitrogen contents found by elemental analyses. 

A new class of metal-loaded nanoparticles was developed by Reynolds et al. (95). These materials have a core-shell morphology, where the core is a functionalized polymer with a high affinity to the Gd(III) ions. The core polymer contained monomers with carboxylate pendant arms, such as ethylacrylate, methacrylate, butylacrylate or allylmethacrylate. The shell consisted of a... 

Fig. 17. Effect of interdiffusion of the functionalized polymer with the matrix on the mechanical properties of PP/cellulose composites. Molecular weight of MA-PP (O) non-treat-ed, (A) 350, (V) 4500, ( ) 3.9X10 ...

The free radical polymerized functional polymers with controllable molecular weight are therefore chemically bonded to the side chains of polyolefin (II). One example of PP-g-PMMA [12,13] is shown in Table 1. 

These results illustrate the diversity of synthetic and processing approaches that can be taken in the synthesis of thin-film frequency doubling materials. Specifically, we have demonstrated that it is possible to assemble chromophore-functionalized polymers with greater than one chromophore substitutent per monomer subunit, with d33 values as high as 65 x 10 esu, with Tg values as high as 173°C, with improved temporal stability, and with good transparency characteristics at A 0.633 fim. We have also shown that known chromophore-functionalized polymers can be simultaneously poled and cross-linked... 

Kudo H, Sawada T, Kazawa E, Yoshida H, Iwasaki Y, Mitsubayashi K. A flexible and wearable glucose sensor based on functional polymers with Soft-MEMS techniques. Biosensors Bioelectronics 2006, 22, 558-562. 

Functionalized polymers with comb-like, rotaxanic-, and dendrimeric structures [H. Ritter, GITFachz. Lab. 1994, 38(6), 615-619]. 

A class of end-functionalized polymers with polymerizable terminal groups are generally called macromonomers. By both functional initiator and terminator methods, a variety of macromonomers have been synthesized in living cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers, styrenes, and isobutene, as summarized in Table 3 [16,31,147,149-151,155,158-171]. Some of these macromonomers are used in the synthesis of graft polymers (Section VI.C). 

Epoxysilicone UV200 is a functionalized polymer with cycloaliphatic epoxy groups, with a viscosity close to 350 mPa.s. Several photoinitiators have been evaluated in this polymer (Figs. 5 and 6). 

A number of concepts, most of which are of fairly general applicability, have been applied to graft metal complexes on to polymer supports bearing typical donor groups such as tertiary phosphine and amine. The direct reaction of the functionalized polymer with a metal halide [37] (eq. (4)) is an example. 

End-functionalized polymers with polymerizable groups such as double bonds and heterocycles of course provide macromonomers allyl, vinyl ester, vinyl ether, lactone, and epoxy are examples of such a category whose a-ends are not susceptible or have little susceptibility to metal-catalyzed radical polymerization. As discussed above, for example, allyl chloride and bromide (FI-33 and FI-34) are effective initiators to be used for styrene with CuCl and CuBr catalysts,161 while allyl compounds with remote halogens such as FI-35 and FI-36 allow the polymerization of methacrylates with high initiation effi-... 

Functional polymers with complex-forming groups (ligands) that are able to interact with the metal ions in a certain manner can be used for metal ion interaction-based separation processes. The principle is shown in Figure 8. 

Polyelectrolytes (polyanions or polycations) are an important class of functionalized polymers with charged groups attached to the chains [9-13]. The physicochemical behavior of these polymers is dominated by the attractive interactions between the fixed charges and counterions, and by the long-range repulsive interactions between the electric charges located on the macromolecular chains [63]. Electrostatic interactions between polymers and metal ions are found in many important biopolymers and... 

The halogen functional polymer can react with a thiol by nucleophilic reaction, resulting in a polymeric thioether and a hydrogen halide. The latter is trapped by a basic additive, preventing a reverse reaction. Snijder et al. [135] used this technique to modify the end group of poly( -butyl acrylate) into a hydroxy-functional polymer. With 2-mercaptoethanol, the yield of functionalization was higher with the addition of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (DABCO) to the reaction mixture. The addition of DABCO allows for the formation of a sulfide anion, which is a stronger nucleophile. They studied this... 

Most functional polymers are based on simple linear backbones. These can be chain-end (telechelic), in-chain, block or graft structures. However, there has also been interest in functional polymers with special topologies or architectures. These include 3-dimensional polymers, such as stars, hyperbranched polymers, or dendrimers " (treelike structures) (Scheme 1)... 

The methodology of living anionic polymerization, especially alkyllithium-initiated polymerization, is very useful for the preparation of chain-end functionalized polymers with well-defined structures (9,10). Since these living polymerizations generate stable, anionic polymer chain ends (P Li ) when all of the monomer has been consumed, post-polymerization reactions with a variety of electrophilic species can be used to generate a diverse array of chain-end functional groups as shown in eq. 1,... 

Functionalized Polymers with Dimethylamine and Sulfozwitterionic End-Groups... 

This cis-trans isomerization leads also to dipolar moment orientation giving frequency conversion, as in seeded optical fibers, but with much larger (about three orders of magnitude) effective d value. This property of functionalized polymers with molecules undergoing trans-cis isomerization through two photon excitation opens new perspectives for their applications in frequency doubling. 

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