Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide

Metro Mobility of Minneapolis, St Paul, Minnesota, acquired smaller Azure Dynamics (AZD) gasoline-electric parallel hybrid buses with the AZD Balance Hybrid Drive and Forcedrive LIBs with lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) chemistry from Johnson Controls-Saft. 

Albrecht S, Kiimpers J, Kruft M, Malcus S, Vogler C, Wahl M, Wohlfahrt-Mehrens M (2003) Electrochemical and thermal behavior of aluminum- and magnesium-doped spherical lithium nickel cobalt mixed oxides Lii x(Nii y zCoyMz)02 (M=A1, Mg). J Power Sources 119-121 178-183... 

N. Omar, M. Daowd, G. Mulder, J.M. Timmermans, P. Van den Bossche, J. Van Mierlo, S. Pauwels, Assessment of Performance of Lithium Iron Phosphate Oxide, Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide and nickel cobalt aluminum oxide Based cells for Using in Plug-In Battery Electric, VPPC International Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Chicago (IL), USA, 2011. 

According to the data sheets, lithium-ion battery systems based on nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxide (NCA) cathodes, as they are offered by the company Saft [16], offer a calendar life of 20 years and 6000 cycles at a depth of discharge of 60%, which is more than enough but still 40% of the installed capacity will not be used to achieve this target. 

Fig. 2.10 Challenges in electrode materials for Li-ion batteries. LFP lithium iron phosphates. NMC nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide. NCA nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxide. LMS lithium-manganese spinel. Ranking 1 = worst, 5 = best...

Chen CH, Liu J, Stoll ME, Henriksen G, Vissers DR, Amine K (2004) Aluminum-doped lithium nickel cobalt oxide electrodes for high-power lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sources 128 278-285... 

Recent patent disclosures by the Standard Oil Co. of Indiana indicate that their process for the polymerization of ethylene is also a relatively low-pressure process, and the following process information is based on these disclosures. The polymerization process is a fixed-bed process employing a prereduced catalyst, ethylene pressures of 809-1,000 psi, and temperatures somewhat greater than 200°C. The metal oxides (such as nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum) can be supported on either charcoal or alumina, and materials such as lithium aluminum hydride, boron, alkali metals, and alkaline-earth hydrides may be used as promotors. Variations of this process are reported to produce polyethylene resins with densities from 0.94-0.97. 

Common catalyst compositions contain oxides or ionic forms of platinum, nickel, copper, cobalt, or palladium which are often present as mixtures of more than one metal. Metal hydrides, such as lithium aluminum hydride [16853-85-3] or sodium borohydride [16940-66-2] can also be used to reduce aldehydes. Depending on additional functionahties that may be present in the aldehyde molecule, specialized reducing reagents such as trimethoxyalurninum hydride or alkylboranes (less reactive and more selective) may be used. Other less industrially significant reduction procedures such as the Clemmensen reduction or the modified Wolff-Kishner reduction exist as well. 

Ignition on contact with furfuryl alcohol powdered metals (e.g., magnesium iron) wood. Violent reaction with aluminum isopropoxide -f- heavy metal salts charcoal coal dimethylphenylphosphine hydrogen selenide lithium tetrahydroaluminate metals (e.g., potassium, sodium, lithium) metal oxides (e.g., cobalt oxide, iron oxide, lead oxide, lead hydroxide, manganese oxide, mercur oxide, nickel oxide) metal salts (e.g., calcium permanganate) methanol + phosphoric acid 4-methyl-2,4,6-triazatricyclo [5.2.2.0 ] undeca-8-ene-3,5-dione + potassium hydroxide a-phenylselenoketones phosphorus phosphorus (V) oxide tin(II) chloride unsaturated organic compounds. 

The predominant process for manufacture of aniline is the catalytic reduction of nitrobenzene [98-95-3] with hydrogen. The reduction is carried out in the vapor phase (50—55) or liquid phase (56—60). A fixed-bed reactor is commonly used for the vapor-phase process and the reactor is operated under pressure. A number of catalysts have been cited and indude copper, copper on silica, copper oxide, sulfides of nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, and palladium—vanadium on alumina or lithium-aluminum spinds. Catalysts cited for the liquid-phase processes include nickel, copper or cobalt supported on a suitable inert carrier, and palladium or platinum or their mixtures supported on carbon. 

Retinol (1) was very readily obtained from commercial retinyl acetate (9) by alkali-catalyzed hydrolysis (Isler et al., 1947, 1949 Samecki et al., 1962). Reduction of esters of retinoic acid (3) with lithium aluminum hydride (Matsui et al., 1962b) and with hydrogen and Raney nickel (Organon, 1950) also gave retinol (1), this also being the product obtained when retinaldehyde (2) was reduced by various methods, for example, with sodium borohydride or lithium borohydride (Kaegi et al., 1982), aluminum isopropylate (Shchavlinskii et al., 1979), lithium aluminum hydride (Robeson et al., 1955a Pommer, 1960), or catalytic reduction over platinum(IV) oxide/cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate (Steiner, 1974). 

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