Lithium ions intercalation

Layered dichalcogenides, such as sulfides or selenides of Ti, Mo, W, Zr, Ta, Nb, V, and Cr, are able to dissolve certain alkali metal ions and in some cases posttransition (pseudo-alkali) metal ions (Cu, Ag ), via a mechanism in which the guest is inserted between the dichalcogenide layers. Lithium ion intercalation into TiS2, which among layered dichalcogenides has been one of the most prominent cathode... 

In contrast to lithium ion intercalation into solid inorganic compounds, this reaction is fast, and the corresponding batteries sustain high dicharge current densities (up to 50 mA/cm ). 

Hence, a dilemma was encountered between energy density and stability for these various forms of carbonaceous materials that is, as the carbonaceous anode is more graphitic in structure, the degree of lithium ion intercalation may be closer to the ideal x = 1.0), and its potential profile may be closer to that of Li+/Li and remain relatively flat (therefore... 

Figure 13. Correlation of gas evolution on a graphite electrode in 1.0 M LiC104/PC/EC (50 50) with the irreversible process at 0.80 V during the first discharge. Note the level off of gas volume as soon as reversible lithium ion intercalation starts. (Reproduced with permission from ref 261 (Figure 2). Copyright 1993 The Electrochemical Soci-ety).

In other words, the overall lithium ion intercalation in and deintercalation from a variety of LiM02 bulk materials included the inevitable step of lithium ion migration through a certain surface layer in a manner very similar to that of the reversible lithium ion... 

Limiting Factors for Low-Temperature Operation. One controversial topic that has raised wide attention relates to the limiting factors of the low temperature of lithium ion cells. The researchers not only debated about whether the anode or cathode controls the overall low-temperature performance of a full lithium ion cell but also disagree upon the rate-determining steps that govern the low-temperature kinetics of lithium ion intercalation at the graphitic anode. 

Armstrong AR, Armstrong G, Canales J, Carcia R, Bruce PG. Lithium-ion intercalation into Ti02-B nanowires. Adv Mater. 2005 17 862-5. 

A.R. Armstrong, G. Armstrong, J. Canales, R. Garcia, P.G. Bruce, Lithium-Ion intercalation into Ti02-B nano wires . Advanced Materials, 17, 862-865, (2005). 

Orthorhombic crystalline vanadium pentoxide is a typical intercalation compound as a result of its layered structure, see Fig. 5.2, which finds widespread use in lithium ion intercalation applications such as electrochromic cells [17], high energy density batteries [18], supercapacitors [19], and sensors [20], since it offers the essential advantages of low cost, abundant availability, easy synthesis, and high intercalation densities [15, 16]. 

The formation of a nanostructure in the intercalation compound not only enables the expansion and contraction of the host material during guest insertion and extraction, but also increases the surface to volume ratio. Recently, V2O5 synthesis focussed on the manufacture of nanostmctured or mesoporous scaffolds with the aim to improve their lithium ion intercalation properties, which are limited by an inherently low diffusion coefficient D < 10 cm s ) and a moderate electrical conductivity ([Pg.91]

He P, Zhang X, Wang YG, Cheng L, Xia YY (2008) Lithium-ion intercalation behaviOT of LiFeP04 in aqueous and nonaqueous electrolyte solutions. J Electrochem Soc 155 A144... 

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