Comparison of results

Matching plant results with back-blending is generally more difficult The most direct way to improve results is to obtain a distillation curve for the residue product The residue product is a significant portion of the crude unit effluent and is quite heavy. These heavy components can affect the distribution of light components through all plant cuts. 

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Pore size distribution—comparison of results by mercury porosimetry and by adsorption of nitrogen... 

Table 2. Comparison of Results of Different Design Calculations ...

The methodical elaboration is included for estimation of random and systematic errors by using of single factor dispersion analysis. For this aim the set of reference samples is used. X-ray analyses of reference samples are performed with followed calculation of mass parts of components and comparison of results with real chemical compositions. Metrological characteristics of x-ray fluorescence silicate analysis are established both for a-correction method and simplified fundamental parameter method. It is established, that systematic error of simplified FPM is less than a-correction method, if the correction of zero approximation for simplified FPM is used by preliminary established correlation between theoretical and experimental set data. 

The amounts of material released from a damaged plant are usually expressed in fractions of the isotopic quantities in the core. These source terms (meaning source for the ex plant transport) depend on accident physics, amount of core damage, time at elevated temperatures, retention mechanisms, and plate-out deposition of material as it transports from the damaged core to release from containment. This section gives an outline of early source term assessments, computer codes used in calculations, and some comparisons of result.s. 

Often, because specially orthotropic laminates are virtually as easy to analyze as isotropic plates, other laminates are regarded as, or approximated with, specially orthotropic laminates. This approximation will be studied by comparison of results for each type of laminate with and without the various stiffnesses that distinguish it from a specially orthotropic laminate. Specifically, the importance of the bend-twist coupling terms D,g and D26 will be examined for symmetric angle-ply laminates. Then, bending-extension coupling will be analj ed for antisym-... 

Experiments on a small scale with stoichiometric methane-air mixtures were carried out by Chan et al. (1980). Comparisons of results of these experiments with those performed by Moen et al. (1982) revealed that simple scaling is not possible for the results of explosions with very high flame speeds, in other words, flame speeds resulting from very intense turbulence. 

It is important to note that comparison of results from these charts does not yield exact checks on any particular fitting. Calculadons should never be represented as being-more accurate than the basic information. Therefore,... 

Comparison of results between the various empirical steam flow formulas suggests the Babcock equation as a good average for most design purposes at pressure 500 psia and below. For lines smaller than 4 inches, this relation may be 0-40 percent high [56]. 

Kaiser [140] presents a correlation analysis for flooding in packed towers that is more analytical in the performance approach. It is based on single phase hydraulics. It would have been helpful for the article to present a comparison of results tvith the other more conventional techniques. 

Two conditions that are often important in chemical experiments are temperature and pressure. Consequently, chemists usually control and measure these conditions during experiments. In addition, it is useful to refer many experimental results to a standard and generally accepted set of temperature and pressure conditions. This facilitates comparison of results of different types and from different laboratories. 

Comparison of results for complexes of tridentate amines R2N(CH2)2-NH(CH2)2NR2 show similar effects. With dien (R = H), rapid substitution of chloride in Pt(dien)Cl+ by bases occurs at room temperature however with Et4dien (R = Et) the reaction is considerably slowed, since the four ethyl groups crowd the metal above and below the plane of the molecule (Figure 3.82) making nucleophilic attack harder. Such a complex can be attacked more easily by a small nucleophile rather than a better nucleophile which happens to be larger [89],... 

Table 7-10. Comparison of Results of Chemical and X-ray Determinations of Iron and Manganese in Ores...

Table 7-1L Comparison of Results of Optical and X-ray Spectrographic Analyses of Ores for Niobium Oxide...

Comparison of Results From Four Particle Size Methods. 

Detn of N in NC by the Nitron method and comparison of results with those obtained by nitrometer] 5) W.C. Cope G.B. Taylor, The Determination of Nitrogen in Substances Used in Explosives , USBurMines, Tech Paper 160, Washington, DC (1917), 18-20... 

Table 3.3. Comparison of results from torsion pendulum and from tensile tests (quasistatic) at T = 500 K...

The gas chromatograph (GC) resembles the MS in providing both qualitative and quantitative EGA but is significantly slower in operation. The interval between analyses is normally controlled by the retention time of the last component to be eluted from the column such delay may permit the occurrence of secondary reactions between primary products [162]. Several systems and their applications have been described [144,163— 167] sample withdrawal can be achieved [164] without the necessity for performing the reaction in an atmosphere of carrier gas. By suitable choice of separation column or combination of columns [162], it is possible to resolve species which are difficult to measure in a small low-resolution MS, e.g. H20, NH3, CH4, N2 and CO. Wiedemann [168] has made a critical comparison of results obtained by MS and GC techniques and adjudged the quality of data as being about equal. 

Comparison of results for the first and last entries in Table 7 (AOS 2024 and IOS 2024) was for samples for which the hydrophobe linearity, hydrophobe carbon number, and relative disulfonate content were held nearly constant. The major differences in these surfactants were possible differences in the relative locations of the double bond and the sulfonate group in the alkenesulfonate and in the relative locations of the hydroxy group and the sulfonate group in the hydroxyalkanesulfonate. Analyses to determine these are quite difficult. At calcium ion concentrations below 100-250 ppm, AOS 2024 appeared to be more salt-tolerant than linear IOS 2024. At higher calcium concentrations, the calcium ion tolerance of the two surfactants was similar. 

Fig. 6 Comparison of results of the AF model solved with and without streamflow trend for wet and dry years, expressed as years above and below the mean water residence time in the reservoir (0.25 years)...

Table 2 summarizes these basic studies before the era of HAART. It is obvious, that there is a wide range between the results of these studies and we have to admit that we have little reliable data on the provider costs before 1995. The methodologies used are very different, so that comparison of results becomes difficult. In particular, the extent of considering special cost categories and the quality of data might have influenced the corresponding results. Borleffs et al. (1990) supposed that precise data on the utilization of health care facihties by HIV patients were often not available. 

Figure 4.23. Comparison of results on four batches using four different methods. The results are grouped according to batch, and within a group, the methods are sulfide precipitation, polarography. X-ray fluorescence, and inductively coupled plasma absorption (left to right).

Fig. 18. Comparison of results from various particle systems for stirred vessel with baffles and bubble columns Activity a/ao of Acylase resin after t = 300 h, equilibrium drop diameter dg of silicon oil-water-surfactant emulsion and reference floe diameter dpv of floe system in dependency on specific power P/V H/D = 1 D = 0.15 m 0.4 m...

Much higher shear forces than in stirred vessels can arise if the particles move into the gas-liquid boundary layer. For the roughly estimation of stress in bubble columns the Eq. (29) with the compression power, Eq. (10), can be used. The constant G is dependent on the particle system. The comparison of results of bubble columns with those from stirred vessel leads to G = > 1.35 for the floccular particle systems (see Sect. 6.3.6, Fig. 17) and for a water/kerosene emulsion (see Yoshida and Yamada [73]) to G =2.3. The value for the floe system was found mainly for hole gas distributors with hole diameters of dL = 0.2-2 mm, opening area AJA = dJ DY = (0.9... 80) 10 and filled heights of H = 0.4-2.1 m (see Fig. 15). 

Figure 22 shows a comparison of results from model particle systems and h-terature data with biological systems in stirred vessels. The dependency of particle diameter on maximum energy dissipation dp of yeast and BHK... 

Unfortunately, in the VUV region no polarimetry data are available, but calculations indicate the degree of circular polarization achieved by the wiggler may be 80%, estimated to be no worse than 70% delivered at the experimental chamber [95, 96]. In PECD experiments, we have calibrated the polarization state by deduction from cross-comparison of results at a few fixed energies previously studied on the SU5 beamline where accurate polarimetry data was available [36]. Because the horizontal magnetic field array in the insertion device is electromagnetic, fast current reversal to switch left- and right-handed elliptical polarizations is possible, with the usual potential benefit for dichroism measurements. 

Evaluation of a new method may include comparison of results obtained by the analysis of reference materials using established procedures. The purpose is to demonstrate that the novel approach provides results that are at least as reliable as an accepted technique. This same approach may also be used to discover which, of a number of techniques, are preferred. Comparison of analytical techniques and/or methods is considered further in the discussion of external quality assessment, below. 

In their broadest application, CRMs are used as controls to verify in a direct comparison the accuracy of the results of a particular measurement parallel with this verification, traceability may be demonstrated. Under conditions demonstrated to be equal for sample and CRM, agreement of results, e.g. as defined above, is proof. Since such possibilities for a direct comparison between samples and a CRM are rare, the user s claims for accuracy and traceability have to be made by inference. Naturally, the use of several CRMs of similar matrix but different analyte content will strengthen the user s inference. Even so, the user stiU has to assess and account for all uncertainties in this comparison of results. These imcertainty calculations must include beyond the common analytical uncertainty budget (i) a component that reflects material matrix effects, (2) a component that reflects differences in the amount of substance determined, (3) the uncertainty of the certified or reference value(s) used, and 4) the uncertainty of the comparison itself AU this information certainly supports the assertion of accuracy in relation to the CRM. However, the requirement of the imbroken chain of comparisons wiU not be formally fulfilled. 

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