List of commercial products

Qualified products list QPL is a list of commercial products that have been pretested and found to meet the requirements of a specification. 

Amid-Thin (naphthalene acetamide) is labeled Danger because of the potential of severe irreversible eye damage, whereas Fruitone N, NAA 800, and Tree-Hold Sprout Inhibitor (NAA) are relatively nontoxic (Category III). See Table 5.28 for a listing of commercial products. 

The list of commercial products from natural sources could fill volumes. It must be emphasized that their discoveries range from systematic searches, to tradition to chance favors the prepared mind. The latter is reemphasized in the discovery of the alkaloids from the periwinkle plant (vincristine and vinblastine) which were first screened for their hypoglycemic activity based on reports of their use by local groups in Madagascar. While the hypoglycemic response could not be confirmed under controlled laboratory conditions, an immunosuppressive effect due to... 

Cellulose, a long-chain polymer with the molecular formula (C Hi iO,), is the most conunon oiganic compound on earth (Figure 8.5). Commercial cellulose is mainly obtained from wood pulp and cotton. The list of commercial products made from cellulose is extensive, including primarily paper, cardboard, and cardstock, and textiles made from cotton, Unen, and other plant fibers. Cellulose can also be converted into cellophane, a thin transparent film, or used in the manufacture of nitrocellulose... 

Bioprocess plants are an essential part of food, fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Use of microorganisms to transform biological materials for production of fermented foods, cheese and chemicals has its antiquity. Bioprocesses have been developed for an enoimous range of commercial products, as listed in Table 1.1. Most of the products originate from relatively cheap raw materials. Production of industrial alcohols and organic solvents is mostly originated from cheap feed stocks. The more expensive and special bioprocesses are in the production of antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies and vaccines. Industrial enzymes and living cells such as baker s yeast and brewer s yeast are also commercial products obtained from bioprocess plants. 

It should be realized that the use of L values from Table 9.1 must be taken as representative for a given material. The values can vary, not just due to the issues associated with the interpretation of experimental data, but also because the materials listed are commercial products and are subject to manufacturing and environmental factors such as purety, moisture, grain orientation, aging, etc. 

Since there is no concerted effort to coordinate testing underway in various laboratories of the world, it might be felt that this lack of coordination may cause some important substances to be missed and thereby present the possibility of harm being done to people or the environment. In order to determine if this were so, we undertook an examination of the top 50 chemicals produced in the U.S. This is a list of commercial chemicals selected by CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING NEWS as those materials with the largest production. It should be noted that these are distinct substances, not mixtures or petroleum products (Table XI). 

Only very few (3-naphthol pigments continue to play an important role in today s pigment industry. The list of important products includes Toluidine Red (P.R.3) and Dinitroaniline Orange (P.O.5). Other compounds, such as P.R.6, Parachlor Red, which is the positional isomer of P.R.4 P.O.2, Orthonitroaniline Orange, which is the positional isomer of the para toner P.R.l are only of regional importance. Table 16 lists the commercially available (3-naphthol pigments. The Colour Index numbers are listed along with the common names, since older products are frequently referred to by these names. 

The USEPA has developed extensive lists of waste streams (40 CFR Sections 261.31, 261.32) and chemical products (40 CFR Section 261.33) that are considered hazardous wastes if and when disposed of or intended for disposal. The waste streams listed in Sections 261.31 and 261.32 include numerous pesticide manufacturing and formulating process wastes. The lists of commercial chemical products in Section 261.33 include two sublists both include numerous insecticides, herbicides, and other pesticides. The E List (Table 7) identifies pesticides and other commercial chemicals regulated as acutely hazardous wastes when discarded. The F List (Table 8) identifies pesticides that are regulated as toxic (hazardous) wastes when discarded. 

The list of commercial enzymatic and microbial processes for the conversion of a precursor into a desired product is rapidly expanding. In this chapter, seventeen entries from this list are treated as case studies. The examples included span a wide range of reaction type, process configuration, substrate type, and product application area. 

Many aminonaphthalenesulfonic adds arc important in the manufacture of azo dyes or are used to make intermediates for azo acid dyes, direct and fiber-reactive dyes. Usually, the aminonaphthalenesulfonic adds are made by either tile sulfonation of naphthaleneamines, the nitration-reduction of naphthalenesulfomc adds, the Bucherer-type amination of naphtholsulfomc acids, or the desulfonation of an aminonaphthalenedi- or trisulfonic acid. Most of these processes produce by-products or mixtures which often are separated in subsequent purification steps. A list of commercially important ammonaphlhalenesulfomc acids is given in Table 4. 

There are no statistics available for microemulsion products or their annual values, but data for the surfactant industry can be taken as a guide. Annually updated lists of commercial surfactants and their suppliers are available from several sources (57,58). Chemical Engineering News annually publishes a feature article on "Soaps and Detergents" in its fourth issue (59,60). The market for surfactants is immense. For example, in 1995, the U.S. market for... 

Enzymes used in laundary detergents are almost all produced using Bacillus enzymes, most commonly Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis, which all secrete the detergent enzymes into the fermentation broth. The market is highly concentrated two producers cover more than 50% of the market share worldwide Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) and Genencor (Palto Alto/CA, USA). Table 6.2. lists several commercial products with their functions. 

Antacids are identified by many trade names and frequently appear in over-the-counter products. There is such a plethora of antacids on the market that even a partial listing of commercial preparations is difficult. 

There has been a variety of approaches for imparting antimicrobial activity to cellulosic fibers, many of them developed as part of a weather-resistant finish (Table I). Metal salts, organometallics, resins, sulfur and nitrogen compounds, and chemical modification of hydroxyl groups by acetylation or cyanoethylation are typical methods used to impart antimicrobial activity (125). A survey made in 1966 lists all commercial products available for protecting materials against biodeterioration— trade names, active ingredients, end uses, and names of manufacturers are tabulated (126). 

The very low toxicity of Dalapon to fish makes its application possible in the elimination of reeds, sedges and rnshes, etc., on and in drainage ditches, bnt only after permission has been granted by the appropriate water anthorities and not in water protection areas. Table 5.9 lists several commercial products containing aliphatic acids. 

Our list of abbreviations contains interpretations—or translations—of frequently obscure society names and committee or bureau titles as well as full names of commercial products of chemical interest. Throughout the literature today, chemical authors are prone to use the initial letters of a compound instead of the actual compound name, and this practice gives rise to puzzling problems for both reader and librarian. We have almost daily use of this compilation and feel sincerely that its value to us far outweighs the several problems it creates. 

Pheromones play roles such as the time-tested topics menstrual synchrony and mother-infant olfactory communication, as well as the more controversial topics of the role of pheromones in human mate choice and the existence or non-existence of a vomeronasal organ in humans and Old World primates, Especially fascinating is a table published by Wyatt [8] detailing odours associated with various human illnesses (i.e. patients with gout or schizophrenia have differing, distinct odours to their sweat), and another table listing various commercial products, both past and present, that contain pheromones. 

Initially the intent of this chapter was to provide the reader with a comprehensive list of commercial suppliers of products (instrumentation and supplies) relating to combinatorial chemistry and HTS. While conducting research into these vendors, it became obvious that a lab would likely consider access to a particular technology, or to an awareness of the potential for collaboration with another company, to be of as much value as a listing of companies that provide specific instrumentation and related products. It also became obvious that a comprehensive list would be impossible because of the ongoing high level of activity among old and new participants in this area. 

A number of body wash products are making claims for toning skin and body and firming the skin. These products incorporate plant or seaweed extracts that are known to impart benefits to skin and body. Table 11.13 lists some examples of commercial products on the market. 

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