Volume fill

Length of air travel through spray-filled volume. 

The heatable areas of the diyer are the vessel wall and the screw. The diyer makes maximum use of the product-heated areas—the filling volume of the vessel (up to the knuckle of the dished head) is the usable product loading. The top cover of the vessel is easily heated by either a half-pipe coil or heat tracing, which ensures that no vapor condensation will occur in the process area. In addition to the conical vessel heated area, heating the screw effectively increases the heat exchange area by 15-30 percent. This is accomphshed via rotary joints at the base of the screw. The screw can be neated with the same... 

In a catalytic reactor, concentrations and temperature change along the flow path of the reactants, and in some cases also normal to the flow. The sum of all these changes over the catalyst-filled volume in time will give the production of the reactor. There are several methods to account for all these changes, illustrated on Figure 8.1.1. 

Q = partially filled volume or contents in cubic feet R = radius of cylinder in feel L = length of straight portion of cylinder in feet... 

Formula (9b) gives partially filled volume within practical limits, and formula (7d) gives V within practical limits. 

Q = Partially filled volume or contents in cubic feet... 

Provision of pretreatment The initial fill volume and MU supply is almost always pretreated in some manner. Because of the large volume of water in these systems, even low-hardness waters can produce sufficient quantities of calcium carbonate scale to severely impede heat transfer thus, for MTHW pretreatment, the use of ion-exchange softeners is the norm. For HTHW, some form of demineralization such as reverse osmosis (RO) or deionization by cation-anion exchange is typically preferred. 

Fig. 2.15 Fluid-filled volume of the micro-channel system showing the connections between the micro-channel, static tap lines, and the fluid-filled volume of the pressure sensors. Reprinted from Kohl et al. (2005) with permission...

This correlation was obtained as a result of extensive measurements with shake flasks of volume = 100-2000 ml and corresponding inner diameter dg= 6.1-16 cm, a filled volume ofVL= (0.04-0.2)V, and eccentricity of shaking machine of 25 and 50 mm. 

This relationship is at the same relative height of the impeller blade, h/d, and the relative depth of the liquid, H/D, equal to the ratio of the filled volume V = riD H/4 to the impeller volume V] = nd h/4, which could be more generally applicable. 

The total fluid volume that must be filled into a unit parenteral container is typically greater than the volume that would contain the exact labeled dose. The fill volume is dependent on the viscosity of the solution and the retention of the solution by the container and stopper. The USP provides a procedure for calculating the fill dose that is necessary to ensure the delivery of the stated dose. It also provides a table of excess volumes that are usually sufficient to permit withdrawal and administration of the labeled volume. 

Figure 5 Temperature profile in primary drying of dobutamine HCl-mannitol (1 1), 53 mg solids/mL, 10 mL fill volume. Vials are 5304 molded glass vials (8.3 cm2 cross-sectional area) which are placed in a flat aluminum tray. The heat flux is 42 cal/(cm2 hr), and the chamber pressure is 0.1 torr. (From Ref. 5.)...

Figure 5 shows three different types of capillary viscometers often used for viscosity measurements of polymer solutions. The disadvantage of the Oswald viscometer is that the viscometer has to be charged with the solution to a precise level and fine adjustments need to be made at the temperature of measurement. The Ubbelohde viscometer, also frequently referred to as the suspended level viscometer, is particularly useful when a series of different polymer concentrations is to be measured. The filling volume needs not to be adjusted precisely. The largest dilution ratio obtainable is limited only by the ratio of the volume of bulb B to that of the volume between the bottom of bulb B and the top of bulb C. For the compact version (Figure 5(c)) smaller sample volume is needed. There are also capillary viscometers available that can be coupled with liquid... 

For accurate temperature monitoring when conducting a temperature-controlled program, a minimum filling volume of the vessels is crucial. In the case of IR temperature measurement from the bottom of a vessel, only a very small amount of reaction mixture (ca. 50 pL) is sufficient to obtain a precise temperature feedback in a monomode instrument (CEM Discover series). On the other hand, a rectangular mounted IR sensor, as used in Biotage instruments (see Section 3.5) requires a certain minimum filling volume (200 pL for the smallest reaction vials see Fig. 3.21). 

TMA measurements have been helpful in explaining the breakage of vials during the warming of frozen solutions of mannitol and other stereoisomers [1.125]. For example, above -25 °C mannitol expands 30 times more than standard type 1 flint glass. Depending on the filling volume and the concentration, 10-40 % of the vials break when filled with 3 % mannitol solution. 

---