Grain-oriented

Figure 5 Slowness and group velocity diagrams for austenitic weld material perpendicular grain orientation...

Figure 7 V-butt weld with perpendicular grain orientation and an inclination of the interface of 15° left without, right with backwall breaking notch...

Travel time The larger group velocity for herringbone grain orientation (see Fig. 6(b)) explains the shorter travel time (see A-scans in Fig. 7 and 8). 

Notch tip With perpendicular grain orientation no notch tips are detected. The snapshots (see Fig. 7 second and third snapshot from top on the right) show that in the direction to the receiver there is a gap in the reflected / diffracted quasi shear wavefront. In contrast, the notch tips can be detected within the herringbone structure. 

Figure 9 Slowness diagram At the interface between isotropic steel and a V-bntt weld with 10° inclination and perpendicular grain orientation the incident 45° (with regard to the sample top surface) shea.r wave will split into two quasi shear waves qSV and qSV( 2.)...

Table 2. Core Loss of Grain-Oriented Silicon Steels, W/kg ...

Core-Loss Limits. In the United States, flat-roUed, electrical steel is available in the following classes (12) nonoriented, fiiUy processed nonoriented, semiprocessed nonoriented, fiiU-hard and grain-oriented, fiiUy processed. Loss limits are quoted at 1.5 T (1.5 x lO" G). The loss limits at 1.7 T (1.7 X ICf G) of the fourth class and of the high induction grades are shown in Table 2. Typical appHcations include use for transformers, generators, stators, motors, ballasts, and relays. 

High purity 50% ferrosihcon containing <0.1% Al and C is used for production of stainless steel and corded wire for tires, where residual aluminum can cause harm fill alumina-type inclusions. These are also useflil in continuous cast heats, where control of aluminum is necessary. High purity grades of 50 and 75% ferrosihcon containing low levels of aluminum, calcium, and titanium are used for sihcon additions to grain-oriented electrical steels, where low residual aluminum content contributes to the attainment of desired electrical properties, eg, significant reduction of eddy currents. 

The grain-oriented steels, containing ca 3.25% siUcon, are used in the highest efficiency distribution and power transformers and in large turbine generators. They are processed in a proprietary way and have directional properties related to orientation of the large crystals in a preferred direction. 

To meet this requirement, the use of steel with a still better silicon content and lower losses is imperative. A cold-rolled non-grain oriented (CRNGO) type of sheet steel is generally used for such applications, in the thickness range of 0.35-0.5 mm, with a higher silicon content of the order of 2.0-1.8% and losses as low as 1.0-1.5 W/kg. 

The heart of these couplings is the flexing disc it is manufactured from vacuum-degassed alloy steel, forged with a radial-grain orientation, and has a contoured profile machined on high-precision equipment. 

Permeability is a volume-averaged property for a finite but small volume of a medium. Anisotropy in natural or manmade packed media may result from particle (or grain) orientation, bedding of different sizes of particles or layering of media of different permeability. A dilemma arises when considering whether to treat a directional effect as anisotropy or as an oriented heterogeneity. 

Grain orientation Metallurgical condition Grain boundaries... 

When most materials are bent, stretched, or compressed, they alter their molecular structure or grain orientation to accommodate the deformation permanently, but this is not so with thermoplastics. They temporarily assume the deformed shape, but they always maintain the internal stresses that want to force the material back to its original shape. 

It should be realized that the use of L values from Table 9.1 must be taken as representative for a given material. The values can vary, not just due to the issues associated with the interpretation of experimental data, but also because the materials listed are commercial products and are subject to manufacturing and environmental factors such as purety, moisture, grain orientation, aging, etc. 

Moreover, PPD effects on phase formation. The y-phase precipitations (fig. 2) form in the zone of internal saturation, in the core of only non-deformed (0% PPD) Fe-Ni foils as thin dark needles of 1-2 pm length. The y-phase needle orientation depends on the grains orientation, they oriented along slip planes. 

The evaluation and demonstration of this weldi ng technique was accomplished in three phases evaluation and optimization of ten major expl welding variables (plate material, plate thickness, explosive quantity standoff, plate surface, plate deformation, mechanical shock, metal grain orientation, weld length, and expl residual), the development of four welu joints, and an a fplicationai analysis which included photomicrographs, pressure integrity tests, vacuum effects, and fabrication of some potentially useful structures in aluminum and titanium... 

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