Liquid membranes classification

This chapter has the objective of introducing the reader to the basic definitions of the liquid membrane field, with classification and grouping of the technologies. An overview of the volume is also presented. 

The authors of hundreds of articles, published in this field, in trying to show the uniqueness of their works, have given new names and features to techniques and technologies that are similar to each other. This confuses and disorients readers, especially students and young researchers. The same is true for theories hundreds of theories in this field need critical analysis and classification. In this chapter, recent aspects of carrier-facilitated, coupled transport through liquid membranes are reviewed with a classification and grouping of the theories. 

Supported Liquid Membranes AND Their Modifications Definition, Classification, Theory, Stability, Application AND Perspectives ... 

Emulsion Liquid Membranes Definitions and Classification, Theories, Module Design, Applications, New Directions AND Perspectives... 

Table 7.3 shows a classification of the liquid membranes on the basis of the configuration and module types employed in gas separation. The liquid membranes can be divided in three main classes (i) supported liquid membrane (SLM), (ii) bulk liquid membrane (BLM), and (iii) supported ionic liquid membrane (SILM). 

Table 7.3 Classification of the liquid membranes in the field of gas separation according to the main configurations employed...

Agarwala JP (1994) Inclined settler classification of particles and transport of ions through liquid membranes with an electric field. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colorado... 

Because membranes applicable to diverse separation problems are often made by the same general techniques, classification by end-use application or preparation method is difficult. The first part of this section is, therefore, organized by membrane structure preparation methods are described for symmetrical membranes, asymmetric membranes, ceramic and metal membranes, and liquid membranes. The final two subsections cover the production of hollow-fine-fiber membranes and membrane modules. 

Different extraction techniques have been developed. These techniques have been classified as porous and nonporous, based on their structure, as a flat (like a paper sheet with less than 1 pm of thickness) or hollow fiber (200-500 pm i.d.) configuration. Other classification refers to the number of phases involved in the extraction (one-, two-, or three-phase extraction techniques) [186]. A distinction can be based on the nature of the acceptor phase liquid membrane extractions, where the acceptor phase is a liquid, such as supported liquid membrane (SLM) extraction, microporous membrane liquid-liquid... 

Table 16.1. Classification of membrane separation processes for liquid systems...

Industrial membrane processes may be classified according to the size range of materials that they are to separate and the driving force used in separation. There is always a degree of arbitrariness about such classifications, and the distinctions that are typically drawn. Table 16.1 presents classification of membrane separation processes for liquid systems. 

In one study by Hood et al., 282 of 1153 identified proteins were identified by at least 2 unique tryptic peptides from FFPE prostate cancer (PCa) tissue.9 According to the gene ontology classification of the proteins identified, -65% of proteins were predicted to be intracellular proteins, while -50% of the total human proteome is predicted to be located in the intracellular compartment. Additionally, 20% of the proteins identified in the PCa tissue were classified as membrane proteins, which is significantly less than the predicted 40% for the human proteome. This relative disparity is not unexpected, considering the Liquid Tissue sample preparation kit lacks specific protocols for membrane protein extraction. The Liquid Tissue method has also been used for proteomics studies of a variety of FFPE tissue samples, including pancreatic tumors,28 squamous cell carcinoma,4 and oral human papillomavirus lesions.27... 

In many cases, these polymer chains take on a rod-like (calamitic LCPs) or even disc-like (discotic LCPs) conformation, but this does not affect the overall structural classification scheme. There are many organic compounds, though not polymeric in nature, that exhibit liquid crystallinity and play important roles in biological processes. For example, arteriosclerosis is possibly caused by the formation of a cholesterol containing liquid crystal in the arteries of the heart. Similarly, cell wall membranes are generally considered to have liquid crystalline properties. As interesting as these examples of liquid crystallinity in small, organic compounds are, we must limit the current discussion to polymers only. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 4.3 Label Danger When Wet, Corrosive, Flammable Liquid SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion and inhalation. A severe irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Corrosive. Dangerous fire hazard if exposed to heat, open flames, or powerful oxidizers. Will react with water or steam to produce heat and toxic and corrosive fumes. To fight fire, use foam, dry chemical, mist, spray. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of CL and phosgene. See also CHLOROSILANES. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 8 Label Corrosive SAFETY PROFILE Poison by inhalation, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal routes. Corrosive to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Flammable liquid. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cr. See also CHLOROSILANES. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 6.1 Label Poison, Flammable Liquid, Corrosive SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion, inhalation, and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by skin contact. Corrosive. An eye, skin, and mucous membrane irritant. A very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Reacts with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes. To fight fire, use CO2, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of Cl". 

---