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Miniaturization of assays

A complementary approach is to conduct the assays under high-throughput automated conditions. This can be either through the miniaturization of assays, that is, 96-384 plates and if possible 1536, or through the use of alternative assay technologies (e.g., microfluidics). Both scenarios require studies of equivalency testing and backwards compatibility with previous methods and results. [Pg.19]

Important features to consider are the ease of software use and the ability to change the optical filters depending upon the peak absorption and emission spectra of the labels used. The dynamic range and sensitivity of the readers are important factors that can affect the assay protocol. A protocol that is suitable for one type of reader may not work as well in a second type of reader due to variations in the optics resulting in differences in dynamic range and sensitivity. Sensitivity is important because it aids in the miniaturization of assays and helps reduce the amounts of expensive reagents required. The ability to detect small quantities of product in an enzyme reaction means that less enzyme will be required. [Pg.22]

The kinetics of apoptosis induction depend on the specific cell type used and the culture environment, so it is advisable to optimize assay parameters for each cell line and also when changing culture conditions during miniaturization of assays. [Pg.116]

In the past ten years, numerous applications of fluorescence methods for monitoring homogeneous and heterogeneous immunoassays have been reported. Advances in the design of fluorescent labels have prompted the development of various fluorescent immunoassay schemes such as the substrate-labeled fluorescent immunoassay and the fluorescence excitation transfer immunoassay. As sophisticated fluorescence instrumentation for lifetime measurement became available, the phase-resolved and time-resolved fluorescent immunoassays have also developed. With the current emphasis on satellite and physician s office testing, future innovations in fluorescence immunoassay development will be expected to center on the simplification of assay protocol and the development of solid-state miniaturized fluorescence readers for on-site testing. [Pg.286]

Kornienko, O., Lacson, R., Kunapuli, P, Schneeweis, J., Hoffman, I., Smith, T., Alberts, M., Inglese, J., and Strulovici, B., Miniaturization of whole live cell-based GPCR assays using microdispensing and detection systems, /. Biomol. Screen., 9, 186, 2004. [Pg.98]

Zheng, W., Carroll, S.S., Inglese, J., Graves, R., Howells, L., and Strulovici, B., Miniaturization of a hepatitis C virus RN A polymerase assay using a — 102°C cooled CCD camera-based imaging system, Anal. Biochem., 290,214, 2001. [Pg.98]

Harris, A., Cox, S., Bums, D., and Norey, C., Miniaturization of fluorescence polarization receptor-binding assays using CyDye-labeled ligands, /. Biomol. Screen., 8,410,2003. [Pg.99]

Unlike fluorescence detection, MS-based detection methods maintain their sensitivity when moving from normal-bore chromatography columns to capillary and nano LC systems. MS-based bioassays are therefore particularly suited for miniaturization. Conventional assays are operated at reagent flow rates of 20-50 pL min. By using electrospray MS as readout, flow rates of 1 pL min and lower could be envisaged, which is particularly useful for assays comprising expensive reagents. [Pg.198]

We have demonstrated the feasibility of miniaturized MS assays by converting the cathepsin B assay described in Section 5.2.2 to a chip format, using the same substrate and products for the MS-based readout [27]. The assay set-up is identical to the format described in Fig. 5.1. The advantages of chips as micro reactors over fused silica capillaries are in their compactness, strength, greater degrees of freedom in design and material, and the presence of hair-pin curves to increase the diffusion rate. [Pg.198]

In reality, these forays represent miniaturization of the standard sandwich ELISA to attain higher throughput assays by multiplexing a limited number (<50) of analytes, e.g., cytokine panels. Even at these low densities, quantification problems arise in part due to a lack of robustness in the printing process and also in the selection and stability of monoclonal antibodies that must be highly specific and of high binding affinity to be useful for microarrays. [Pg.232]

Another area of advance includes the miniaturization of existing assays by introducing automated systems with precise liquid handling and altered... [Pg.58]

Nevertheless, the major issue in the miniaturization of this kind of assays continues to be the strong non-selective interactions with the polymers. This problem is often avoided, or at least minimized, on large scale experiments such as chromatographic separations. However, it is not easy to solve in the case of microsensors or microchips and direct or indirect assays, where competition can be strongly affected by unspecific binding. [Pg.159]

Moreover, automation, miniaturization and informatics have facilitated the process known as "high through-put screening," which permits millions of assays per month. [Pg.91]

Miniaturization of protein arrays (a carrier is often less than 1 cm2 in size, and the diameter of spots of antibodies or antigens, carrying the desired specificity/ biological function around 300 pm, whereas the density could be <2000 probes/ cm2, and the amount of the analyzed proteins is up to 1000/cm2 in addition, the quantities of reagents needed for the tests are very small, measured in pL or pL, and the assay sensitivity is expressed in pM to fM) makes them a very attractive research tool in proteomics. [Pg.105]

Assay miniaturization helps to reduce the consumption of very expensive assay reagents. The problems encountered as one attempts to miniaturize an assay relate to the change in surface-to-vol-ume ratio, lowered sensitivity, and low volume dispensing of materials. For instance, as one moves to smaller volumes, the surfaces available for unspecific binding increase relative to the volume. Furthermore, the smaller the volume, the less the amount of product-sensing material can be added thus the sensitivity of the assay is reduced. [Pg.19]


See other pages where Miniaturization of assays is mentioned: [Pg.146]    [Pg.107]    [Pg.1969]    [Pg.3122]    [Pg.224]    [Pg.366]    [Pg.133]    [Pg.146]    [Pg.107]    [Pg.1969]    [Pg.3122]    [Pg.224]    [Pg.366]    [Pg.133]    [Pg.324]    [Pg.341]    [Pg.419]    [Pg.32]    [Pg.375]    [Pg.265]    [Pg.274]    [Pg.224]    [Pg.83]    [Pg.136]    [Pg.361]    [Pg.198]    [Pg.219]    [Pg.22]    [Pg.124]    [Pg.59]    [Pg.299]    [Pg.45]    [Pg.74]    [Pg.395]    [Pg.233]    [Pg.189]    [Pg.228]    [Pg.272]    [Pg.277]    [Pg.143]    [Pg.440]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.107 ]




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