Liquid chromatography hydrocarbon determination

Popp, P., Bauer, C., Paschke, A., and Montero, L., Application of a polysiloxane-based extraction method combined with column liquid chromatography to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples. Anal. Chim. Acta, 504, 307-312, 2004. 

This publication provides several examples of the use of solid-phase extractions for separating analytes from their matrices. Some of the examples included are caffeine from coffee, polyaromatic hydrocarbons from water, parabens from cosmetics, chlorinated pesticides from water, and steroids from hydrocortisone creams. Extracted analytes maybe determined quantitatively by gas (GC) or liquid chromatography (LG). 

The Determination of 6 Specific Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Waters [Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography,Thin-layer Chromatography], 1985... 

Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) finds many applications outside the chemistry laboratory. If you ve ever had an emissions test on the exhaust system of your car, GLC was almost certainly the analytical method used. Pollutants such as carbon monoxide and unbumed hydrocarbons appear as peaks on a graph such as that shown in Figure 1.7. A computer determines the areas under these peaks, which are proportional to the concentrations of pollutants, and prints out a series of numbers that tells the inspector whether your car passed or failed the test. Many of the techniques used to test people lor drugs (marijuana, cocaine, and others) or alcohol also make use of gas-liquid chromatography. 

Figure 3 depicts profiles of Total PAH fluxes vs. time (36). The following polycyclic hydrocarbons have been determined by high performance liquid chromatography, variable wavelength absorption detection Naphthalene, acenaphthylene, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, 2-methylnaphtalene, fluorene, acenaphtene, phenanthrene, 2,3-dimethylnaphtalene, anthracene, fluoranthene, 1-methylphenanthrene, pyrene, 2,3-benzofluorene, triphenylene, benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, perylene, benzo(e)pyrene, 1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, and 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene. 

KAYALI-SAYADI M N, RUBIO-BARROSO S, CUESTA-JIMENEZ M P and PALO-DIEZ L M (1998) Rapid determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea infusion samples by high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorimetric detection based on solid-phase extraction , 123, 2145-8. 

Wise SA, Sander LC, and May WE (1993a) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 642 329-349. 

Li, H. and Westerholm, R., Determination of mono- and di-nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by on-line reduction and high-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection, /. Chromatogr. A, 664,177, 1994. 

Fam et al. [11] determined hydrocarbons in run-off water from catchments in San Francisco Bay using liquid chromatography and high-resolution gas chromatography. 

Zsolnay A (1974) Determination of aromatic and total hydrocarbon content in submicrogram and microgram quantities in aqueous systems by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. Special publication no. 409. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, p 119... 

Lawrence J.F. and D.F. Weber. 1984a. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some Canadian commercial fish, shellfish, and meat products by liquid chromatography with confirmation by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Jour. Agric. Food Chem. 32 789-794. 

Gimeno R.A. et al., 2002. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry detection in seawater and sediment samples. J Chromatogr A 958 141. 

Initially, progress in this area was hampered by the lack of suitable analytical methods for chiral hydrocarbons. Early studies relied on optical rotation to determine enantiomeric excess (ee) values, but with the development of chiral gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns, chromatographic methods have become more common. 

Recent studies, including the use of Microtox and ToxAlert test kits [55,56], were carried out for the determination of the toxicity of some non-ionic surfactants and other compounds (aromatic hydrocarbons, endocrine disruptors) before implementation on raw and treated wastewater, followed by the identification and quantification of polar organic cytotoxic substances for samples with more than 20% inhibition. Furthermore, the study of their contribution to the total toxicity was obtained using sequential solid-phase extraction (SSPE) before liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) detection. This combined procedure allows one to focus only on samples containing toxic substances. 

Miege C, Dugay J, Hennion MC. Optimization, validation and comparison of various extraction techniques for the trace determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludges by liquid chromatography coupled to diode-array and fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. A 2003 995 87-97. 

Despite the advances made in high-performance liquid chromatography in recent years, there are still occasionally applications in which conventional column chromatography is employed. These methods lack the sensitivity, resolution and automation of HPLC. They include the determination of urea herbicides in soil, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, chloroaliphatic compounds and humic and fulvic acids in non-saline sediments. The technique has also been applied in sludge analysis, e.g. aliphatic hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids. 

Bay, Massachusetts. Gas liquid chromatography was used to detect hydrocarbons present at different depths in the sediment, while low resolution mass spectrometry was employed to measure concentrations of paraffins, cycloparaffins, aromatics and polynuclear aromatics. Their data show that the concentrations of total and saturated hydrocarbons decreased with increased depth, and it was noted that identification and quantification of hydrocarbons in oil-contaminated sediments is required if the fate of these compounds in dredge spills is to be determined. 

Vowles and Mantoura [38] determined sediment-water partition coefficients and the high-performance liquid chromatography capacity factors for 14 alkylbenzene and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The partition coefficients correlated well with the alkyl-cyano capacity factors, and it was concluded that this phase gave a better indication of sorption on sediment than either the octanol or octadecylsilane phases. 

Thomas etal. [72] used pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a fast economic screening technique for polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Thomas used reverse-phase liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry for the determination of polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles in sediments. 

Ogan, K., Katz, E., and Slavin, W., Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem., 51, 1315, 1979. 

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), followed by GC/MS, has been used to fractionate and then quantitate the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons present in liquid fuel precursors in order to determine the fuel potential of the compounds. Kerosene had the advantage of not requiring any sample preparation. Other light fuel oils may require the use of methylene chloride as a solvent prior to HPLC analysis (Lamey et al. 1991). The sensitivity, precision, and recovery of this method were not reported. 

MacCrehan, W. A., W. E. May, S. D. Yang, and G. A. Benner, Jr., Determination of Nitro Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air and Diesel Particulate Matter Using Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical and Fluorescence Detection, Anal Chem., 60, 194-199 (1988). 

The condensable products were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography using columns containing either l,2,3-tris(2-cyanoethoxy) -propane or di-2-cyanoethyl ether supported on Embacel. Hydrocarbons were determined on columns containing either dimethylsulfolane or a combination of propylene carbonate, squalene, and silicone oil on Embacel (3). 

Enzyme immunoassay kits are now available for qualitative field testing or for laboratory screening and semiquantitative analysis of pesticides, herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), mononuclear and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, pentachlorophenol, nitroorganics, and many other compounds in aqueous and soil samples. Certain analytes may be quantitatively determined as well, with a degree of accuracy comparable to gas chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography determination. The method is rapid and inexpensive. 

Popp, P., C. Bauer, M. Moder, and A. Paschke. 2000. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waste water by off-line coupling of solid-phase microextraction with column liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 897 153-159. 

Negrao, M.R. and M.F. Alpendurada. 1998. Solvent-free method for the determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in waste water by solid-phase microextraction-high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection. J. Chromatogr. A 823 211-218. 

Moriwaki, H., M. Ishitake, S. Yoshikawa, et al. 2004. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. Anal. Sci. 20 375-377. 

Popp, P., C. Bauer, and L. Wennrich. 2001. Application of stir bar sorptive extraction in combination with column liquid chromatography for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 436 1-9. 

Popp P, Keil P, Moeder M, et al. 1997. Application of accelerated solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in solid wastes. Journal of Chromatography A 774(l-2) 203-211. 

There has been a growing interest in applying high performance liquid chromatography, to the determination of the not only volatile compounds, such as aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated aliphatic halogen compounds, haloforms and some esters, phenols and others but also non volatile components of water. 

Various workers [23-32] have studied the application of high performance liquid chromatography to the determination of PAHs in water samples. Hagenmaier et al. [31] used a reversed phase high-pressure liquid chromatography procedure for the determination of trace amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. Different column packing materials were tested, in conjunction with non polar stationary phases of various polarities, for separation efficiency, detection limits and long-term stability. The method was suitable for concentrations as low as 2ng L 1 in a IL sample. Compounds... 

Micellar extraction followed by liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection has been used to determine ppt of poly aromatic hydrocarbons in non saline waters [1,2],... 

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