Detection, chemiluminescent

Concerns over safe handling of radioactive materials and issues around the cost and disposal of low level radioactive waste has stimulated the development of nonradiometric products and technologies with the aim of replacing radioactive tracers in research and medical diagnosis (25). However, for many of the appHcations described, radioactive tracer technology is expected to continue to be widely used because of its sensitivity and specificity when compared with colorimetric, fluorescent, or chemiluminescent detection methods. 

The efficient recovery of volatile nitrosamines from frankfurters, followed by gc with chemiluminescence detection, has been described (133). Recoveries ranged from 84.3 to 104.8% for samples spiked at the 20 ppb level. Methods for herbicide residues and other contaminants that may also relate to food have been discussed. Inorganic elements in food can be deterrnined by atomic absorption (AA) methods. These methods have been extensively reviewed. Table 8 Hsts methods for the analysis of elements in foods (134). 

Present research is devoted to investigation of application of luminol reactions in heterogeneous systems. Systems of rapid consecutive reactions usable for the determination of biologically active, toxic anions have been studied. Anions were quantitatively converted into chemiluminescing solid or gaseous products detectable on solid / liquid or gas / liquid interface. Methodology developed made it possible to combine concentration of microcomponents with chemiluminescence detection and to achieve high sensitivity of determination. 

Anions of another group were derivatized with formation of gaseous chemiluminescing species. Chemical reaction - gas extraction has been used with chemiluminescence detection in the stream of canier gas in on-line mode. Rate of a number of reactions has been studied as well as kinetic curves of extraction of gaseous products. Highly sensitive and rapid hybrid procedures have been developed for the determination of lO, BrO, CIO, CIO, NO,, N03, CrO, CIO, Br, T, S, 803 with detection limits at the level of pg/L, duration of analysis 3 min. 

DEVELOPMENT OF A CHEMILUMINESCENCE DETECTION OF HERBICIDES RELATIVE TO THE MEDIATED INHIBITION OF THYLAKOIDS IN A ji-FLUIDIC SYSTEM... 

Fig. 14-3. NOj chemiluminescent detection principle based on the reaction of NO with O3.

Suzuki, N., etal. (1991). Studies on the chemiluminescent detection of active oxygen species 9-acridone-2-sulfonic acid, a specific probe for superoxide. Agric. Biol. Chem. 55 1561-1564. 

Suzuki, N., et al. (1991). Chemiluminescent detection of active oxygen species, singlet molecular oxygen and superoxide, using Cypridina luciferin analogs. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 57 1711-1715. 

The potential for improved chemiluminescent detection is large, since the efficiency for activation of the acceptor is less than 0.01%. A thousand-fold increase in signal could be anticipated from this reaction. 

Table IV. Application of NDA/CN Labels for RP-HPLC with Chemiluminescence Detection...

Table V. Comparison of Limits of Detection (LOD) for Dansyl and NDA Derivatives Employing Fluorescence and Chemiluminescence Detection for RP-HPLC...

Evans, P.H., Morgan, L.G., Yano, E. and Urano, N. (1992a), Chemiluminescent detection of free radical generation by stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro effect of nickel compounds. In Nickel and Human Health Current Perspectives (eds. E. Nieboer and J.O. Nriagu) pp. 363-373. Wiley, New York. 

Li, H. and Westerholm, R., Determination of mono- and di-nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by on-line reduction and high-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection, /. Chromatogr. A, 664,177, 1994. 

Vinas et al. [46] also determined penicillamine by chemiluminescence - flow injection analysis. The sample was dissolved in water, and a portion of resulting solution was introduced into an FIA system consisting of 5 mM luminol in 0.1 M KOH-boric acid buffer (pH 10.4), 50 pM Cu(II), and 10 mM H202 eluted at 7.2 mL/min. Chemiluminescent detection was used, the calibration graphs were linear from 0.1 to 10 mM of penicillamine, and the coefficients of variation were from 1.2% and 2.1%i. 

Zhang et al. [49] determined penicillamine in urine by the coupled technique of chemiluminescence detection and liquid chromatography. The urine sample was adjusted to pH 2 with 2 M H2S04 and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min. A 12 mL... 

Chemiluminescence reactions are currently exploited mainly either for analyte concentration measurements or for immunoanalysis and nucleic acid detection. In the latter case, a compound involved in the light emitting reaction is used as a label for immunoassays or for nucleic acid probes. In the former case, the analyte of interest directly participates in a chemiluminescence reaction or undergoes a chemical or an enzymatic transformation in such a way that one of the reaction products is a coreactant of a chemiluminescence reaction. In this respect, chemiluminescent systems that require H2O2 for the light emission are of particular interest in biochemical analysis. Hydrogen peroxide is in fact a product of several enzymatic reactions, which can be then coupled to a chemiluminescent detection. 

Blankenstein G., Preuschoff F., Spohn U., Mohr K.H., Kula M.R., Determination of L-glutamate and L-glutamine by flow-injection analysis and chemiluminescence detection comparison of an enzyme column and enzyme membrane sensor, Anal. Chim. Acta 1993 271 231-237. 

Tyrrell E., Gibson C., MacCraith B.D., Gray D., Byrne P., Kent N., Burke C., Pauli B., Development of a micro-fluidic manifold for copper monitoring utilising chemiluminescence detection, Lab on a Chip 2004 4 384-390. 

J. Yakovleva, R. Davidsson, M. Bengtsson, T. Laurell, and J. Emneus, Microfluidic enzyme immunosensors with immobilised protein A and G using chemiluminescence detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 19, 21-34 (2003). 

Sakamoto [243] determined picomolar levels of cobalt in seawater by flow injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection. In this method flow injection analysis was used to automate the determination of cobalt in seawater by the cobalt-enhanced chemiluminescence oxidation of gallic acid in alkaline hydrogen peroxide. A preconcentration/separation step in the flow injection analysis manifold with an in-line column of immobilised 8-hydroxyquinoline was included to separate the cobalt from alkaline-earth ions. One sample analysis takes 8 min, including the 4-min sample load period. The detection limit is approximately 8 pM. The average standard deviation of replicate analyses at sea of 80 samples was 5%. The method was tested and inter calibrated on samples collected off the California coast. 

Eirod et al. [352] determined sub-nanomolar levels of iron (II) and total dissolved iron in seawater by flow injection analysis with chemiluminescent detection in amounts down to 0.45 nmol/1. 

Worsfold et al. [960] have discussed the application of flow injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection for the shipboard monitoring of trace metals. 

PRINCIPLES OF FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS WITH CHEMILUMINESCENCE DETECTION... 

---