Liquid Chromatography Bioanalysis

K. S. Boos and C. H. Grimm, High performance liquid chromatography integated with solid-phase exti action in bioanalysis using resti icted access precolumn packings . Trends Anal. Chem. 18 175-180(1999). 

This chapter will review recent advances in mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, and sample preparation techniques that aim at achieving high throughput. In particular, online solid phase extraction and multiplexed HPLC front ends for quantitative bioanalysis will be discussed in detail. 

Deng, Y. et al. 2002. High-speed gradient parallel liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with fully automated sample preparation for bioanalysis 30 seconds per sample from plasma. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 16 1116. 

Hsieh S. et al., 2004. Increased throughput of parallel online extraction liquid chromatography /electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry system for GLP quantitative bioanalysis in drug development. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 18 285. 

Jemal M., Xia Y., and Whigan D.B., 1998. The use of high-flow high performance liquid chromatography coupled with positive and negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for quantitative bioanalysis via direct injection of the plasma/serum samples. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 12 1389. 

Jemal, M. Ouyang, Z. Enhanced resolution triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry for fast quantitative bioanalysis using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry investigations of parameters that affect ruggedness. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2003, 17, 24-38. 

Shou, W. Z. Chen, Y. L. Eerkes, A. Tang, Y. Q. Magis, L. et al. Ultrafast liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry bioanalysis of polar analytes using packed silica columns. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2002, 16, 1613-1621. 

Whigan, D. Powell, M. L. Increased throughput in quantitative bioanalysis using parallel-column liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2001, 15,... 

In bioanalysis, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is the analytical technique most frequently used. Often, extended sample preparation is required to make a biological sample (the matrix) suitable for HPLC-analysis. The compound of interest, the analyte, has to be isolated from the matrix as selective and quantitative as possible. The quality of the sample preparation largely determines the quality of the total analysis procedure. In a survey Majors [2] showed that approximately 30% of an error generated during sample analysis was due to sample preparation, which indicates the need for error reduction and quality improvement in sample preparation. 

Goodwin, L., White, S. A., and Spooner, N. (2007). Evaluation of ultra-performance liquid chromatography in the bioanalysis of small molecule drug candidates in plasma. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 45 298-304. 

Huang, M. Q., Mao, Y., Jemal, M., and Arnold, M. (2006). Increased productivity in quantitative bioanalysis using a monolithic column coupled with high-flow direct-injection liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 20 1709-1714. 

Naidong, W., Shou, W. Z., Addison, T., Maleki, S., and Jiang, X. (2002b). Liquid chromatography /tandem mass spectrometric bioanalysis using normal-phase columns with aqueous/ organic mobile phases A novel approach of eliminating evaporation and reconstitution steps in 96-well SPE. Rapid Common. Mass Spectrom. 16 1965-1975. 

O Connor, D., and Mortishire-Smith, R. (2006). High-throughput bioanalysis with simultaneous acquisition of metabolic route data using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 385 114-121. 

Stokvis, E., Rosing, H., and Beijnen, J. H. (2005). Stable isotopically labeled internal standards in quantitative bioanalysis using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry Necessity or not Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19 401-407. 

Larger, P. J., Breda, M., Lraier, D., Hughes, H., and James, C. A. (2005). Ion-suppression effects in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry due to a formulation agent, a case study in drug discovery bioanalysis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 39 206-216. 

Ayrton, J., Dear, G. J., Leavens, W. J., Mallett, D. N., and Plumb, R. S. (1998b). Use of generic fast gradient liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy in quantitative bioanalysis. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 709 243-254. 

Currently, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with atmospheric pressure ionization (API) triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS) is the predominate quantitative technique used in modem pharmaceutical bioanalysis. The key technological achievement in API-MS was the efficient ionization in a liquid stream and transference of ions from atmosphere to vacuum. Of the API approaches developed, electrospray ionization (ESI) is the most commonly used. ESI provides an efficient means of soft ionization amenable to most molecules encountered in a dmg discovery setting. An alternative soft ionization approach is the use of desorption ionization (DI) techniques. The major distinguishing feature of DI techniques is that ions are typically produced from dried samples. 

W. J. Lough and T. A. G. Noctor, Multi-column approaches to chiral bioanalysis by liquid chromatography , Prog. Pharm. Biomed, Anal. 1 241 -257 (1994). 

Allanson, J. P. Biddlecombe, R. A. Jones, A. E. Pleasance, S. 1996. The use of automated solid phase extraction in the 96 well format for high throughput bioanalysis using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 10,811-816. 

Simpson, H. Berthemy, A. Buhrman, D. Burton, R. Newton, J. Kealy, M. Wells, D. Wu, D. 1998. High throughput liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry bioanalysis using 96-well disk solid phase extraction plate for the sample preparation. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 12,75-82. 

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