Liquid Chromatography and UV Detection

The molecular structures of the seven components are reported in Table 1. 

The following traces are shown (a) UV signal at 220 nm (b) CLND signal  

The UV detector wavelength was set at 220 nm, allowing the detection of most new chemical entities and impurities. The area percent of the target peak was taken as the overall purity of the synthesized compoimd. 

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Engel, R. (1988) Determination of Thiophanate-methyl by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and UV Detection, Report BT-41, Medical Biological Laboratory TNO, Department of Occupational Toxicology, Rijswijk, The Netherlands (in Dutch). 

Post-column derivatization of carbohydrates has been described for liquid chromatography and UV detection by heat treatment [46], acid treatment [47] and reaction with phenol-sulfuric acid [48,49]. These methods have been applied to the analysis of sugars in body fluids and in wood products. The procedures are only suitable for low-speed liquid chromatography. 

H. A. Adams, B. Weber, M. B. Bachmann, M. Guerin, and G. Hempelmann, The simultaneous determination of ketamine and midazolam using high pressure liquid chromatography and UV detection (HPLC/UV), Anaesthesist, 47 619 (1992). 

Hansen LL, Brosen K (1999) Quantitative determination of tolbutamide and its metabolites in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography and UV detection. Ther Drug Monitor 21 664-671 letter A, Kinzig-Schippers, Skott A et al. (2004) Cytochrome P450 2C9 phenotyping using low-dose tolbutamide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 60 165-175... 

Only two papers dealing with the determination of these compounds with a different technique than gas chromatography have been found. Villa et al. [40] propose the first work where liquid chromatography and UV detection (LC-UV) are used for the determination of the 24 suspected allergens in different cosmetic products. A Cl 8 column and a gradient acetonitrile/water were used. Samples are basically weighted, diluted, sonicated, and filtered before injection. This can be... 

Vidal-Valverde C, Reche A. Reliable system for the analysis of riboflavin in foods by high performance liquid chromatography and UV detection. J Liq Chromatogr 1990 13(10) 2089-101. 

Hogendoorn, E.A., Dijkmann, E., Baumann, B., Hidalgo, C., Sancho, J.-V., and Hernandez, F., Strategies in using analytical restricted access media columns for the removal of humic acid interferences in the trace analysis of acidic herbicides in water samples by coupled column liquid chromatography with UV detection, Anal. Chem., 71, 1111, 1999. 

Papadoyannis, I. N., Samanidou, V. F., and Nitsos, C. C., Simultaneous determination of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water and human serum by anion-exchange chromatography and UV detection, /. Liquid Chromatogr. Related Technol., 22, 2023, 1999. 

Ovalles, J. R, Bmnetto Mdel, R., and Gallignani, M., A new method for the analysis of amikacin using 6-aminoqninolyl-N-hydroxysnccinimidyl carbamate (AQC) derivatization and high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-detection, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 39(1-2), 294— 298, 2005. 

Grosjean, D E. C. Tuazon, and E. Fujita, Ambient Formic Acid in Southern California Air A Comparison of Two Methods, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Alkaline Trap-Liquid Chromatography with UV Detection, Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 144-146 (1990). 

Altenbach, and W. Giger, Determination of benzenesulfonates and naphthalenesulfonates in waste-water by solid-phase extraction with graphitized carbon-black and ion-pair liquid-chromatography with UV-detection , Anal. Chem., 67, 2325-2333 (1995). 

LCEC systems are used for a wide variety of applications, many of which have been published [1,32]. Space does not permit a thorough review however, it is possible to generalize by considering the classes of compounds that have most frequently been studied phenols, aromatic amines, thiols, quinones, and nitro compounds. By analogy with liquid chromatography with UV detection (LCUV), it is frequently desirable to obtain an electrochemical spectrum of a compound to assess Its suitability for LCEC. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is the electrochemical equivalent of spectroscopy (Chap. 3). It is useful to carry out CV experiments in several possible mobile phases, since electrochemical reactions can be very dependent on the medium. 

M Careri, A Mangia, P Manini, N Taboni. Determination of phylloquinone (vitamin K,) by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection and with particle beam-mass spectrometry. Fre-senius J Anal Chem 355 48-56, 1996. 

B Roudaut. High performance liquid chromatography with UV detection and scanning UV confirmation of chloramphenicol in fatty liver. J Liq Chromatogr 19 1097-1105, 1996. 

Sulfonylurea herbicides and metabolites C02-methanol Using Ci8 solid phase extraction disk High-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Dimethyl sulfonyl ureas determined by GC with detection by electron capture or N-P or MS. [162,163]... 

Acetonitrile-silver nitrate extracts of soil, partitioned with methylene chloride and cleaned up on silica gel, have been used in the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of benfuracarb and carbofuran herbicides [204], McGarevy et al. [336] and Lin and Cooper [336] used optimised isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection to determine Aldicarb and its metabolites in soil. 

McNally and Wheeler [364] used supercritical fluid extraction coupled to supercritical fluid chromatography to determine sulfonylurea herbicides in soil. Klatterback et al. [365,366] used supercritical fluid extraction with methanol-modified carbon dioxide followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection to determine sulfonylurea herbicides obtained on a Cis solid-phase extraction disc. Alternatively the determination was carried out by gas chromatography of the dimethyl derivatives of the sulfonylurea herbicides, employing an electron capture or a NP detector on the gas chromatograph. 

Heber et al. [422] determined the herbicides imazethapyr and imazapyr on a 0.1 M sodium carbonate extract of soil. Clean-up was by partitioning with methylene chloride, and final analysis was by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection at 260 nm. Lagona et al. [423] and Krynitsky... 

Examples of this type of herbicide are imazapyr, m-imazamethabenz, p-imazamethabenz, m,p-imazamethabenzmethyl, imazethapyr and imazaquin. Imazapyr has been determined at the xg/kg level in 0.1 M ammonium acetate extracts of soil by microwave-assisted extraction using electron capture negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry [432]. High-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection at 250 nm has been used to determine imazapyr in methanol extracts of soil [433]. 

Celi et al. [538] determined fenoxaprop and fenoxapropethyl in soil by solvent extraction, clean-up on Florisil or alumina cartridge and high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection at 280 nm. 

Zhou, Q., J. Xiao, and W. Wang. 2006. Using multi-walled carbon nanotubes as solid phase extraction adsorbents to determine dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites at trace level in water samples by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. J. Chromatogr. A 1125 152-158. 

Theodoridis, G. Laskaris, G. de Jong, C. Hofte, A.J.P. Verpoorte, R. Determination of paclitaxel and related diterpenoids in plant extracts by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection in high performance hquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr., A 1998, 802, 297 - 305. 

Carlucci, G. Mazzeo, P. Biordi, L. Bologna, M. Simultaneous determination of simvastatin and its hydroxy add form in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. J.Pharm.Biomed.Anal., 1992,10, 693-697... 

Hogendoom, E. A., Huls, R., Dijkman, E., and Hoogerbmgge, R., Microwave assisted solvent extraction and coupled-column reversed-phase liquid chromatography with UV detection. Use of an anal)4ical restricted-access-medium column for the efficient multi-residue analysis of acidic pesticides in soils, J. Chromatogr. A, 938, 23-33, 2001. 

Brunmark, P., Dalene, M., Sango, C., Skarping, G., Erlandsson, P., and Dewaele, C., Determination of toluene diisocyanate in air using micro liquid-chromatography with UV-detection, J. Microcolumn Sep., 3, 371-375, 1991. 

PL 95-3327 SMT4-CT96-2142 Determination of priority herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection after solid-liquid extraction. 

Sams M, Strutt P, Barnes K, et al.. Determination of dimetridazole, ronidazole and their common metabolite in poultry muscle and eggs by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection and confirmatory analysis by atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Analyst 1998 123 2545 -2549. 

Note AAS Atomic absorption spectroscopy ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry MAFF Ministry of agriculture fisheries and food HPLC-UV High performance liquid chromatography with UV detection ASV Anodic stripping voltammetry CSV Cathodic stripping voltammetry. 

As an approximation to a universal response detector, an ultraviolet (UV) detection with a high concentration of in vivo sample or in vitro incubation can be used to calibrate the mass spectrometric response of the metabolites. Josephs et al. (2009) recently reported the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV detection to get area responses of a 30-tiM in vitro microsome or hepatocyte incubation. The incubated sample was then diluted in matrix to create a single point calibration for mass spectrometric quantitation of the metabolites. The results from this method were successfully verified using buspirone and proprietary compounds for which the synthetic standards for their metabolites were available. 

An additional technique that has been found useful in analysis of the composition of polymers and blends is liquid chromatography. Pasch and Rode used the critical point of adsorption of the least polar component of a blend to determine the liquid chromatographic conditions for separating blends of polymethacrylates into components (50). High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in combination with mass spectroscopy was used to analyze the components of an epoxy resin (51). HPLC has also been used with a precipitation-redissolution technique to separate polymer molecular weights for several polymers as a shorter technique compared to SEC (52). Reverse-phase liquid chromatography with UV detection was useful in qualitative determination of brominated flame retardants in polymeric waste materials (53). 

D. Fraier, V. Cenacchi and E. Frigerio, Determination of a new polymer-bound paclitaxel derivative (PNU 166945), free paclitaxel and 7-epipaclitaxel in dog plasma and urine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection, /. Chromatogr. A, 1V7, 295-303 (1998). 

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