Liquid chromatography micro

Liu S, Sjovall J, Griffiths WJ. 2001. Analysis of neurosteroids in brain by nanoscale capillary liquid chromatography/ micro-electrospray mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 14 390-400. 

Takeuchi et al. [343] described an indirect photometric detection method for anions in micro high performance liquid chromatography. Micro anion exchange octadecylsilica columns permanently coated with the hydrophobic cetyltrimethylammonium ion (cetrimide) were used in the high performance liquid chromatography of chloride, nitrate... 

PE Andren, RM Caprioli. In vivo metabolism of substance P in rat striatum utilizing microdialysis/liquid chromatography/micro-electrospray mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 30 817—824, 1995. 

Micro liquid chromatography Micro Raman spectroscopy (c/r MRS)... 

Shimoyama, M., Tatsuoka, H., Ohtori, S., Tanaka, K. and Shimoyama, N., Change of dorsal horn neurochemistry in a mouse model of neuropathic cancer pain. Pain, 114, 221-230 (2005). Andr6n, P.E. and Caprioli, R.M., In vivo metabolism of substance-P in rat striatum utilizing in vivo microdialysis liquid chromatography— micro-electrospray mass spectrometry. J. Mass Spectrom., 30, 814-824 (1995). 

These factors make it necessary to reduce the amount of solvent vapor entering the flame to as low a level as possible and to make any droplets or particulates entering the flame as small and of as uniform a droplet size as possible. Desolvation chambers are designed to optimize these factors so as to maintain a near-constant efficiency of ionization and to flatten out fluctuations in droplet size from the nebulizer. Droplets of less than 10 pm in diameter are preferred. For flow rates of less than about 10 pl/min issuing from micro- or nanobore liquid chromatography columns, a desolvation chamber is unlikely to be needed. 

D. Tong, K. D. Battle, A. A. Clifford and R. E. Robinson, Unified chromatograph for gas cliromatography, supercritical fluid cliromatography and micro-liquid chromatography, Analyst 120 2461 (1995). 

Ishii, D., Asai, K., Hibi, K., Jonokuchi, T., and Nagaya, M., A study of micro-high-performance liquid chromatography. I. Development of technique for miniaturization of high-performance liquid chromatography, /. Chromatogr., 144,157,1977. 

Cowen, S. and Craston, D. H., An on-chip miniature liquid chromatography system design, construction and characterization, in Micro Total Analysis Systems, van den Berg and Bergveld, Eds., Kluwer Academic, The Netherlands, 1995, 295. 

Verzele, M. and Dewaele, C., Liquid chromatography in packed fused silica capillaries or micro-LC a repeat of the capillary gas chromatography story , J. HRC CC, 10, 280, 1987. 

Trisciani, A. and Andreolini, F, Evaluation of a micro-HPLC system dedicated to packed capillary column liquid chromatography, /. HRC CC, 13,270,1990. 

Fernandez Garcia-Borregon, R, Lores, M., and Cela, R., Analysis of barbiturates by micro-high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column photochemical derivatization, /. Chromatogr. A, 870 (1 2), 39, 2000. 

The spectrum of new analytical techniques includes superior separation techniques and sophisticated detection methods. Most of the novel instruments are hyphenated, where the separation and detection elements are combined, allowing efficient use of materials sometimes available only in minute quantities. The hyphenated techniques also significantly increase the information content of the analysis. Recent developments in separation sciences are directed towards micro-analytical techniques, including capillary gas chromatography, microbore high performance liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis. 

Soldin, S.J. and Hill, J.G., A rapid micro method for measuring theophylline in serum by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, Clin. Biochem., 10,74,1977. 

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Laser (Ablation) Micro Mass Spectrometry Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Liquid Chromatography... 

Gusev, I., Huang, X., Horvath, C. (1999). Capillary columns with in situ formed porous monolithic packing for micro high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 855, 273-290. 

Jia, L., Liu, B., Terabe, S., Nishioka, T. (2004). Two-dimensional separation method for analysis of bacillus subtilis metabolites via hyphenation of micro-liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 76, 1419-1428. 

Masuda, J., Maynard, D.M., Nishimura, M., Ueda, T., Kowalak, J.A., Markey, S.P. (2005). Fully automated micro- and nanoscale one- or two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography system for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry compatible with nonvolatile salts for ion exchange chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1063, 57-69. 

Wang W, Guo T, Rudnick PA, et al. Membrane proteome analysis of micro-dissected ovarian tumor tissues using capillary isoelectric focusing/reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem MS. Anal. Chem. 2007 79 1002-1009. 

Microfluidics evolved from micro-analytical methods in capillary format such as capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography, and has successfully revolutionized chemical and biochemical... 

Wade and Quinn [12] measured the hydrocarbon content of sea surface and subsurface samples. Hydrocarbons were extracted from the samples and analysed by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. The hydrocarbon content of the surface micro layer samples ranged from 14 to 599 pg/1 with an average of 155 pg/1, and the concentration in the subsurface samples ranged from 13 to 239 pg/1 and averaged 73 pg/1. Several isolated hydrocarbon fractions were analysed by infrared spectrometry and each fraction was found to contain a minimum of 95% hydrocarbon material, including both alkenes and aromatics. 

Y. Ito, T. Takeuchi, D. Ishii, M. Goto and T. Mizuno, Direct coupling of micro high performance liquid chromatography with fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. II Application to gradient elution of bile acids, J. Chromatogr., 385 (1986) 201-209. 

P. Jandera, S. Buncekova and J. Planeta, Separation of isomeric naphtalenesulphonic acids by micro high-performance liquid chromatography with mobile phases containing cyclodextrin. 

The mass spectrometer is a very sensitive and selective instrument. However, the introduction of the eluent into the vacuum chamber and the resulting significant pressure drop reduces the sensitivity. The gas exhaust power of a normal vacuum pump is some 10 ml min-1 so high capacity or turbo vacuum pumps are usually needed. The gas-phase volume corresponding to 1 ml of liquid is 176 ml for -hexane, 384 ml for ethanol, 429 ml for acetonitrile, 554 ml for methanol, and 1245 ml for water under standard conditions (0°C, 1 atmosphere). The elimination of the mobile phase solvent is therefore important, otherwise the expanding eluent will destroy the vacuum in the detector. Several methods to accomplish this have been developed. The commercialized interfaces are thermo-spray, moving-belt, electrospray ionization, ion-spray, and atmospheric pressure ionization. The influence of the eluent is very complex, and the modification of eluent components and the selection of an interface are therefore important. Micro-liquid chromatography is suitable for this detector, due to its very small flow rate (usually only 10 p min - ). 

Hobbs, S., Patel, R, Coyne, C., and Oldenburg, K., High-throughput, low-volume determination of thermodynamic solubility using sonication and micro parallel liquid chromatography, presented at 9th Annual Conference and Exhibition of the Society for Biomolecular Screening, Portland, OR, September 21-25,2003. 

Ito, Y. Takeuchi, T. Ishii, D. Goto, M. Direct Coupling of Micro High-Performance Liquid Chromatography With FAB-MS. J. Chromatogr. 1985, 346, 161-166. 

Svensson, L.A. et ah. Vancomycin-based chiral stationary phases for micro-column liquid chromatography. Chirality, 11, 121, 1999. 

Al-Dirbashi O, Wada M, Kuroda N, Takahashi M, Nakashima K. 2000. Achiral and chiral quantification of methamphet-amine and amphetamine in human urine by semi-micro column high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. J Forensic Sci 45(3) 708-714. 

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