Lipotropes,

Lipostabil Lipoteichoic acid b-lipotropic hormone b-Lipotropin [12584-99-5] Lipoadase Lipoadases 5-lipoxygenase Lipoxygenase... 

Therapeutic Function Vitamin B complex lipotropic Chemical Name Myo-Inositol... 

One type of fatty liver that has been smdied extensively in rats is due to a deficiency of choline, which has therefore been called a lipotropic factor. The antibiotic puromycin, ethionine (a-amino-y-mercaptobu-tyric acid), carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, phosphorus, lead, and arsenic all cause fatty liver and a marked reduction in concentration of VLDL in rats. Choline will not protect the organism against these agents but appears to aid in recovery. The action of carbon tetrachloride probably involves formation of free radicals... 

Stable lipotropic OCPs and their metabolytes present a danger to mammals not only through acute exposure, but also through chronic exposure to small doses. In recent years, intensive study of the effect of small doses of contaminants [92] shows that small, and super small, doses (i.e. doses that are thousands, and tens of thousands, of times smaller than those causing acute effects) of biologically active substances affect living organisms in a delayed way, over a protracted amount of time. 

The lipotropic factors exercise a marked effect on the biosynthesis of phospho-lipids and triglycerides. As has been mentioned above, they facilitate the phospho-lipid synthesis. The dietary deficiency of lipotropic factors favours the triglyceride production in the organism. 

Fatty infiltration of the liver. In this pathology, the triglyceride concentration in the liver is 10-fold superior to the norm. The accumulation of fat in the cyto-plasm of hepatic cells leads to an impaired liver function. The causes of this pathol-ogy are numerous one of these may be a deficiency in lipotropic factors and the associated therewith synthesis of excess triglycerides. 

The question therefore arose about the fate of the methyl group from methionine. When minimal amounts of methionine were used to supplement the diet of rats given homocysteine as their main source of sulfur, the rats did not usually thrive, and at death had fatty accumulations in their livers. Best and his co-workers had earlier reported the efficacy of choline as a lipotropic agent, facilitating the mobilization of fat from the liver. Du Vigneaud therefore tried supplementing homcys-... 

The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. The water-soluble vitamins are thiamine (vitamin Bj), riboflavin, nicotinic acid (niacin) and nicotinamide, pyridoxine (vitamin B6), pantothenic acid, biotin, para-aminobenzoic acid, choline, inositol, and other lipotropic agents, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), the riboflavonoids, folate, and vitamin B12 (see Figure 66.1 and Figure 66.2, and Table 66.1). 

Controversy has attended both of these claims, but it has been established that wit/o-inositol does have lipotropic activity when it is added to a fat-free diet which is low in other lipotropic agents (for example, choline, or methionine).116 Even here, the inositol does not completely prevent the development of a fatty liver this effect can be produced with choline, with which wq/o-inositol has a supplementary effect. The fatty livers produced (in rats) by the diet mentioned are characteristically high in cholesterol esters. The designation biotin fatty liver for this condition is a misnomer.117... 

Therapeutic Function Growth factor. Lipotropic, Detoxicant... 

The epidemiologic data, relative to dietary fiber, has been supported by animal studies but experiments with dietary fat have been conflicting and generally do not indicate a fat effect. Other dietary factors which associate with colon cancer in animal studies are deficits of lipotropes and of vitamin A. 

While there are no epidemiologic data available on lipotropic factors and colon cancer in human populations, results of animal studies suggest a possible role for this class of nutrients (choline, methionine, vitamin and folate) in colon carcinogenesis (69). Table XVI lists results typical of those observed when rats are fed a diet high in fat, low in lipotropes and exposed to a colon carcinogen. 

The lipotropic agents are intimately involved with methylation and it is perhaps through this mechanism that they exert their effects. Aberrant methylation of nucleic acids and a relation to carcinogenesis under a variety of conditions, is currently under intensive investi-... 

Use dctoxicant, liver protective drug, lipotropic, growth factor... 

Several of the small physiologically active peptides now are known to be derived from a single protein precursor synthesized by the pituitary gland (43). As shown in Figure 9, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), /3-LPH ( -lipotropic hormone), /3-MSH ( -melanocyte-stimulating hormone), /3-endorphin, and enkephalin result from the specific proteolytic cleavage of a precursor protein of approximately 8,000 daltons. 

Methionine is intimately related to lipid metabolism in the liver. Methionine deficiency is one of the causes of the fatty liver syndrome. Lack of methionine prevents the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine, resulting in an ability by the liver to build and export very low density lipoprotein. The syndrome can be treated by the administration of choline, and for this reason, choline has often been referred to as the lipotropic factor. 

Manganese has a further role as a lipotropic agent. Amdur and associates (9) found that hepatic lipid concentration was increased by manganese deficiency. Plumlee et al. (10) conducted four experiments to determine the effect of manganese deficiency in swine and found that total body fat and liver lipid concentrations were increased by manganese deficiency. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intraperitoneal and intravenous routes. Moderately toxic experimentally by ingestion and subcutaneous routes. Mutation data reported. A lipotropic agent which induces the reduction in fats contained in the Liver. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl", SOx, and NOx. See also CHOLINE. 

Choline (bilineurine) is a lipotropic factor in the metabolism of fatty acids in the liver of fish, poultry, and swine. It is a nonspecific source of biologically active... 

The biological activity of acid mucopolysaccharides is discussed in Section 9. They are instrumental in hemagglutination inhibition of viruses, in enhancing virulence of bacteria (S25-S27), and in antilipemic (Cl, C2, P4) and lipotropic activity (C4). They were also reported to have strong antipeptic activity (K21, K24) which we (unpublished) found, however, to be rather low. 

Acidic (sulfated) mucopolysaccharides (aminopolysaccharides), which form only a small part of total mucosubstances, are associated with bacterial virulence-enhancing ability (S25-S27), as well as lipotropic (C4) and lipid-clearing effects (Gl, G2, Rll). 

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