Acid mucopolysaccharides

Sulfur is part of several vitamins and co-factors, eg, thiamin, pantothenic acid [79-83-4] biotin [58-85-5] and Hpoic acid. Mucopolysaccharides, eg. 

Recent Advances in the Chemistry of the Acidic Mucopolysaccharides, a Short Review, J. F. Kennedy and M. Stacey, Egypt J. Chem., Special Issue Tourky (1973) 223- 233. 

Patients with photodamage can apply a lotion containing 25% glycolic acid for 6 months. In such cases an increase in total skin thickness of approximately 25% was reported, accompanied by an increased thickness of viable epidermis and dermis, an increased content of acid mucopolysaccharides, a greater collagen density and an improved quality of the elastic fibers. This could be defined as self-treatment. 

Scott, J. E. (1968). Ion binding in solutions containing acid mucopolysaccharides. 

Formaldehyde prevents the extraction of glycogen but does not preserve soluble polysaccharides. Acid mucopolysaccharides are also not preserved unless they are bound to proteins (3). Formaldehyde is a good fixative for lipids, particularly if 1-2 mM Ca " or Mg + are included in the fixative vehicle (4,5,11). Membrane fixation is improved by reducing lipid extraction (4). It is also thought that fixation with formaldehyde lowers the solubility of membrane phospholipids in water (11). 

Bromhexine is unlikely to exert its effects only on bronchial mucus information regarding its activity in other organs and secretions involving acid mucopolysaccharides is awaited with interest. If its ability to enhance the diffusion of antibiotics (and possibly other drugs) is substantiated, a very wide scope for the use of bromhexine would be opened up. 

Heparin (heparin sodium) is a mixture of highly electronegative acidic mucopolysaccharides that contain numerous N- and O-sulfate linkages. It is produced by and can be released from mast cells and is abundant in liver, lungs, and intestines. 

Li, J. Z. and Lian, E. C. (1988). Aggregation of human platelets by acidic mucopolysaccharide extracted from Stichopus japonicus Selenka. Thromb. Haemost. 59, 435-439. 

Dorfman A, Lorincz AE (1957) Occurrence of urinary acid mucopolysaccharides in the Hurler syndrome. 43 443-446... 

Osteodentine matrix has a higher concentration of sulfur than dentine matrix. The sulfur detected is presumed to be contained in acid mucopolysaccharides, which were more heavily dristributed in the osteodentine matrix than in dentine matrix310. ... 

Jibril, A, O. Proteolytic degradation of ossifying cartilage matrix and the removal of acid mucopolysaccharides prior to bone formation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 136, 162 (1967)... 

Compounds known to behave in this way in vivo are listed in recent reviews in this Series.1 2 The structures of some of the /3-D-glucopyranosiduronic acids isolated from urine have been proved by chemical synthesis.3 A few similar derivatives of flavones and triterpenes have been isolated from plants. D-Glucuronic acid also occurs in mammalian tissues as a constituent of acid mucopolysaccharides (aminodeoxypolysaccharides, containing uronic acid), such as hyaluronic acid, chondroitinsulfate, and heparin,4 and it is a direct precursor of L-ascorbic acid in plants and mammals.6 It is present in many of the plant polysaccharides classified as hemicelluloses6 and gums,7 and it has also been found in certain bacterial polysaccharides.4... 

The endogenous inhibitor in rat tissues resembles the acid mucopolysaccharides (see Section IX, 2) in that the inhibition never rises beyond a variable maximum, which is always well below 100 %. It is unlike them in that the effect is not pH-dependent, and is additive to that of heparin or chondroitinsulfate at the maximum.24 A further distinction was seen in the... 

Structural Formula A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges... 

Bernfield, M.R. et al., Dependence of salivary epithelial morphology and branching morphogenesis upon acid mucopolysaccharide-protein, J. Cell. Biol., 52, 674, 1972. 

Several cases of torsade de pointes have been reported with intravenous haloperidol used with lorazepam to treat delirium (SEDA-18, 30) (SEDA-18, 47). Acid mucopolysaccharide deposition may be associated with neuroleptic drug treatment as a possible mechanism contributing to rare cardiovascular adverse events (57). 

Histochemical methods have been used to follow changes in the acid mucopolysaccharides of human aortic tissue. Bertelsen and Jensen (1960) examined aortas from subjects up to 90 years old including some fetuses. The aortic tissue was found to contain both hyaluronic acid and sulfated mucopolysaccharides. The aortas of fetus and newborn contained 4iyalu-ronic acid as the major component. In aging the amount of sulfated polysaccharides increases up to about 50 years, especially in the media and intima, and after this time it is nearly constant. After 20 years of age, a periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive material is deposited in increasing amounts in the media and later in the intima. It was thought likely that the acid mucopolysaccharides are elaborated by the fibroblasts and the... 

In addition to the methods described above a battery of other staining procedures are available. These include use of alcian blue (22) to stain glycoproteins, ethidium bromide (23) to stain DNA, and methylene blue (14) and pyronine (16) to stain RNA. A relatively new stain has been nicknamed stains-all, because of its ability to stain most macromolecules. This dye is a cationic carbocyanine and stains RNA bluish purple, DNA blue, protein red, acid mucopolysaccharides various shades of blue to purple, and phosphoproteins blue (24). It is presently the most widely used stain for RNA. 

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