Lipoprotein profiles

A fasting lipoprotein profile including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides should be measured in all adults 20 years of age or older at least once every 5 years. 

The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) recommends that a fasting lipoprotein profile and risk factor assessment be used in the initial classification of adults. 

Combination therapy may be considered after adequate trials of monotherapy and for patients documented to be adherent to the prescribed regimen. Two or three lipoprotein profiles at 6-week intervals should confirm lack of response prior to initiation of combination therapy. 

The data obtained with SERMs are more mixed. Tamoxifen attenuated atheroma development in apoE-null mice, an effect that correlated with changes in the lipoprotein profile and with elevated levels of transforming growth factor-/ (Reckless et al. 1997). The accumulation of cholesterol in atherosclerotic lesions (Bjarnason et al. 1997) in the aorta was limited by... 

Hermenegildo C, Garcfa-Martinez MC, Tarfn JJ, Llcicer A, Cano A (2001) The effect of oral hormone replacement therapy on lipoprotein profile, resistance of LDL to oxidation and LDL particle size. Maturitas 38 287-295... 

Howes, J.B., Sullivan, D., Lai, N., Nestel, P., Pomeroy, S., West, L., Eden, J.A. and Howes, L.G. (2000). The effects of dietary supplementation with isoflavones from red clover on the lipoprotein profiles of post menopausal women with mild to moderate h5q)ercholesterolaemia, Atherosclerosis, 152, 143-147. 

Table 7.5 The effect of bile-acid sequestrant monotherapy on circulating lipid and lipoprotein profiles. 

Unsaturated fats that have trans double bonds produced by hydrogenation and saturated fats with single bonds have similar linear hydrocarbon geometries, lipid packing properties, and effects on lipoprotein profiles of those who eat them. 

Toxicity complete blood counts, routine blood chemistry, liverfunction tests, and serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles... 

J. R (2001) Improved lipid and lipoprotein profile, hepatic insulin sensitivity, and glucose tolerance in llfi-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 null mice. /Biol Chem 276, 41293-41300. 

Inactivating HL mutations lead to basically absent HL activity in postheparin plasma from homozygous individuals [81, 82]. Heterozygous carriers of a HL mutation have intermediate HL activity, which is lower than in normal controls. However, this lower HL activity does not translate into changes in lipoprotein metabolism, leaving these patients with similar lipoprotein profiles to normal controls [81, 82]. 

Adverse effects of pharmacological doses of androgens include, as one would expect from male hormones, hirsutism with acne and other signs of virilization, along with adverse lipoprotein profiles, endometrial hyperplasia in women, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Some compounds are particularly likely to cause liver disorders. 

Guyton JR. Extended-release niacin for modifying the lipoprotein profile. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004 5 1385-1398. 

The observation of a lower incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and certain types of cancers in the Mediterranean area led to the hypothesis that a diet rich in grain, legumes, fresh fruits and vegetables, wine in moderate amounts, and olive oil was beneficial to human health. To date, this effect has been mainly attributed to the low saturated fat intake of the Mediterranean diet and its high proportion of monounsaturates, which indeed may favorably affect the plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles. Nevertheless, other components of the diet, such as fiber, vitamins, flavonoids, and phenols, may play an important role in disease prevention, acting on different cardiovascular variables. 

Baggio G, Donazzan S, Monti D, et al. Lipoprotein(a) and lipoprotein profile in healthy centenarians A reappraisal of vascular risk factors. FASE J 1998 12 433 137. 

Other examples of altered plasma binding of drugs caused by altered plasma lipoprotein profiles include imipramine, where the total plasma binding was higher in hyperlipoproteinemic patients than normal subjects [153], and pro-bucol, where Eder demonstrated that 66% of the probucol plasma concentration in the plasma of fasted rhesus monkeys was associated with LDL, but that after oral administration with a high-fat meal, most of the plasma probucol was associated with the TRL fraction at the peak of hypertriglyceridemia [154],... 

It is well established that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and bile acid sequestrants can be used together safely, with a greater reduction in LDL cholesterol than is obtainable when either drug is used alone. Unfortunately, bile acid sequestrants are often poorly tolerated, which limits the usefulness of this combination. Relatively low doses of niacin, when used in combination with statins, produce a very attractive effect on the lipoprotein profile (Gardner et al., 1996 Stein et al., 1996) the ability of niacin to substantially increase HDL cholesterol is additive, with the profound reduction in LDL cholesterol produced by the statin, and there is also a moderate reduction in triglycerides. However,... 

Lock, A.L., Horne C.A.M., Bauman D.E., Salter A.M. 2005b. Butter naturally enriched in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid alters tissue fatty acids and improves the plasma lipoprotein profile in cholesterol-fed hamsters. J. Nutr. 135, 1934—1939. 

The diets used in these initial studies on the effect of consuming buttermilk on serum cholesterol were not standardized, and involved a small number of individuals. Hussi et al. (1981) fed a large group of healthy volunteers with either 2.7 L/day of skim milk or 2 L/day of buttermilk or a control diet for three weeks. All diets were standardized for macronutrient and energy level, and all volunteers consumed the control diet for 3 weeks prior to the study. No significant differences were found in the serum lipid or lipoprotein profiles between the control and test groups. 

Subsequently, serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles were obtained 70 mg/dL total cholesterol (normal is 130-200 mg/dL), 1 mg/dL HDL cholesterol (optimal is > 60 mg/dL), 180 mg/dL triglycerides (normal is 100-150 mg/dL), and less than 5 mg/dL apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I normal is 140 mg/dL). Cholesterol efflux from patient skin fibroblasts to apoA-I, the main protein component of HDL, was reduced to 30% of normal. These results indicated Tangier disease, the definitive diagnosis of which was made when the sequencing of the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA /) gene revealed a nonsense mutation within exon 12. 

What would be the serum lipid and lipoprotein profile of a person homozygous or heterozygous for a mutation in the ABCA I gene ... 

The use of normal adult marmosets, a species with a lipoprotein profile similar to that of man, may be an alternative (Crook et al. 1990, Baxter et al. 1992). 

Few investigators have examined hepatic lipid and lipoprotein production in response to exercise. Because nascent HDL are synthesized in the liver, intestine, and the plasma via the catabolism of triglyceride rich lipoproteins (52), exercise-induced modifications in any or all of these systems could lead to changes in the plasma lipoprotein profile. 

Seelbach and Kris-Etherton (72) recently examined the effect of a vigorous ten-week exercise program on hepatic lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride production in obese and lean Zucker rats. (The obese Zucker rat has a marked hyperlipidemia with elevations of all plasma lipoprotein fractions, and the lean Zucker rat has a plasma lipoprotein profile similar to that of other lean rats. The use of both lean and obese strains provides information on the effect of exercise on hepatic lipoprotein production and... 

Kerckhoffs, D.A. et al., Effects on the human serum lipoprotein profile of p-glucan, soy protein and isoflavones, plant sterols and stanols, garlic and tocotrienols, J. Nutr, 132, 2494, 2002. 

Devaraj, S. Vega-Lopez, S. Kaul, N. Schonlau, F. Rohdewald, P. Jialal, I. Supplementation with a pine bark extract rich in polyphenols increases plasma antioxidant capacity and alters the plasma lipoprotein profile. Lipids 2002,37(10), 931-934. 

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