Fatty acids lipids

The compounds that are identifiable in the sea represent a vast array of biochemicals attributable to the life and death of marine plants and animals. They are generally grouped into six classes based on structural similarities hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, lipids, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleic acids. Because they represent compounds that can be quantified and understood for their chemical properties and known role in biological systems, a great deal of information has been accumulated over the years about these groups and the specific compounds found within them.7... 

Lipid Fatty acid components Number of carbon atoms in fatty acid chain... 

Gharaibeh, A. A. Voorhess, K. J. Characterization of lipid fatty acids in whole-cell microorganisms using in situ supercritical fluid derivatization/extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 1996,68,2805-2810. 

EFFECTS OF ALLELOCHEMICALS ON ALGAL PLASMA MEMBRANE LIPID FATTY ACIDS... 

In our previous research, we found that the antialgal allelochemical Ethyl 2-Methylacetoacetate (EMA) caused loss of cell membrane integrity. It hinted that EMA may cause a change in the membrane. It is reported that environmental stress may increase the concentration of ROS in plant cell. The excessive ROS may cause a decrease of antioxidation enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation. The effect of EMA on the activity of SOD and POD and lipid fatty acids of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Chlorella vulagaris and Microcystis aeruginosa were evaluated to elucidate the mode of action of EMA. 

Lipids encompass a wide class of amphiphilic molecules which, along with proteins, form the biological membranes necessary to support cellular function. While the simplest lipids, fatty acids and triglycerides, are not... 

Graeve M, Dauby P, Scailteur Y (2001) Combined lipid, fatty acid and digestive tract content analyses a penetrating approach to estimate feeding modes of Antarctic amphipods. Polar Biol 24 853-862 Harvell CD (1990) The ecology and evolution of inducible defenses. Q Rev Biol 65 323-340 Hay ME (1996) Marine chemical ecology what s known and what s next J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 200 103-134... 

Polar lipid fatty acids Branched-chain C35 and C37 acids Bacteria, especially Bacillus spp. 

Bakes, M.J. Nichols, P.D. (1995) Lipid, fatty acid and squalene composition of liva oil from six species of deep-sea sharks collected in southern Australian watas. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., HOB, 267-75. 

Together with proteins, phospholipids are the most important structural components of biological membranes. Since mobility of the lipid segments fa vors molecular transport through a membrane and thereby increases its permeability, a marked increase in 7] along a lipid-fatty acid chain also reflects a more efficient molecular diffusion through the lipid layer of a membrane [175]. 

Penetration enhancers have different mechanisms of action depending on their physicochemical properties. Some examples of penetration enhancers and their mechanisms are bile salts (micellization and solubilization of epithelial lipids), fatty acids such as oleic acid (perturbation of intracellular lipids) [25,26], azone (l-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one) (increasing fluidity of intercellular lipids), and surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate (expansion of intracellular spaces). The complete list of enhancers and their mechanism of actions are discussed in detail in Chapter 10. 

Johnston, P.V. and Roots, B.I. (1964). Brain lipids, fatty acids and temperature acclimation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 11B, 303-309. 

Looking at the barrier in more detail, we find that it can be described as composed of two main components. Interspersed between the corneocytes we find the hydrophobic (water-repellent) substance, the barrier lipids. The keratinized corneocytes containing fibrous and amorphous proteins represent a hydrophilic (water-attracting) component. Neutral lipids (fatty acids, cholesterol) and ceramides dominate the lipid phase, and it is mainly these lipids that are responsible for the control and limitation of water transport through the skin.14 Visualization of the penetration pathway through the skin by tracer methods has demonstrated that the extracellular pathway is likely to be the only route through the barrier for substances other than water.15 Water diffusion through the keratinocytes... 

From a physical point of view lipids can further be subdivided into nonpolar and polar lipids. Fatty acids, triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, sterols, and their esters are relatively nonpolar, while monoacylglycerols, phospholipids, galactosylglycerolipids, and sphingolipids belong to the group of polar lipids (Larsson, 1994, pp. 1-3). 

Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) are less dense than chylomicrons. They contain more protein, although lipids (fatty acids, cholesterol and phospholipid, in that order) still make up 90 to 95 percent of their weight. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are about 85 percent lipid by weight and contain more cholesterol than any other kind of lipid. VLDL and LDL contain large amounts of Apolipoprotein B. The VLDL and LDL are sometimes referred to as bad cholesterol because elevated serum concentrations of these lipoproteins correspond with a high incidence of artery disease (stroke and heart disease). The LDLs carry cholesterol and fatty acids to sites of cellular membrane synthesis. 

Olsson, P. A., Baath, E., Jakobsen, I. S5derstr5m, B. (1995). The use of phospholipid and neutral lipid fatty acids to estimate biomass of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil. 

Among the most biologically significant properties of lipids are their hydrophobic properties. These properties are mainly due to a particular component of lipids fatty acids, or simply fats. Fatty acids also play important roles in signal-transduction pathways (Sections 15.2 and 22.6.2). 

Microbial populations in landfill leachate-contaminated aquifers are dominated by bacteria (eubacteria and archaea), as shown by analysis of the phospho lipid fatty acids (PLFAs) (Ludvigsen et al, 1999). The total number of bacteria reported in landfill leachate plumes are in the range of 4 X 10" -1.5 X 10 cells g dry weight (dw) and the number of colony-forming units, hving cells, are in the range of 60-10 CFU g dw (Christensen et al, 2001). However, the large variation caused by different analytical methods and the fact that different types of aquifers were studied mask the difference in the number of... 

Lipids (fatty acids, glycerol lipids, and cholesterol) are vital nutrients that serve as an energy source, structural components of the living organisms, and essential to... 

TABLE 5. Positional and Geometric Isomers of Bovine Milk Lipid Fatty Acids (wt. %) (16). 

As regards fat labeling, the nutrition panel must include total fat, calories from fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Declaration of polyunsaturated or monounsatu-rated fat content are mandatory only if the other is declared or if a claim about fatty acids or cholesterol is made, unless the product meets the criteria for a fat-free claim. All fat amounts are expressed to the nearest 0.5-g increment below 5 g, to the nearest gram above 5 g, and as zero if a serving contains less than 0.5 g. Saturated fat includes all fatty acids that do not contain a double bond. Polyunsaturated fat includes only cis, cri-methylene-interrupted fatty acids, and monounsaturated fat is defined as cis-monounsaturated fatty acids. Saturated, polyunsaturated, or monounsaturated fat is declared as weight of the fatty acids, while fat is expressed as the weight of triglyceride based on the total amount of lipid fatty acids. 

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