Lipids fatty acids composition

Kennish, J.M., Chambers, K.A., Whipple, W.J., Sharp-Dahl, J.I., and Rice, S.D., 1992, Differences in lipid, fatty acid composition and cholesterol levels among tissues and among stocks for pen-reared Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fed on a commercial diet, in Seafood Science and Technology, Bligh, E.G., Ed., Eishing News Books, London, 46. 

Treatment Relative polar lipid fatty acid composition... 

These and related experiments suggest a mechanism for the control of membrane lipid fatty acid composition. 

Plant Lipid Fatty acid composition (% of total fatty acids) ... 

The relative effectiveness of any food grade FRI varies with the composition of the substrate. Figure 1 shows induction times of two formulated FRI blends in Norwegian herring oil from different sources. The reverse relationship of the FRI effectiveness reinforces their substrate specific nature. Induction times and iodine values of control samples of the oils were similar. Formulating the most effective FRI blend requires knowledge of the lipid fatty acid composition and impurities present. 

Jr., P. E., and Treadwell, C. R. Lipid Fatty Acid Composition of Several Areas of the Aorta in Subjects with Atherosclerosis Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 105 662-665 (1960) CA 55 8606i... 

INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN UNSATURATED FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS AND LIVER LIPID FATTY ACID COMPOSITION... 

Mutants of Brassica napus with Altered Seed Lipid Fatty Acid Composition. 

Lemieux, B., Miquel M., Somerville, C. and Browse, J. (1990) Mutants of Arabidopsis with alterations in seed lipid fatty acid composition. Theor. Appl. Genet. 80, 234-240. 

Table 1. DYNAMICS OF TOTAL LIPID FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN FRUITS... 

Chloroplast membranes have a characteristic and unusual fatty acid composition. Typically, 18 3, or a combination of 18 3 and 16 3, fatty acids account for approximately two-thirds of all the thylakoid membrane fatty acids and over 90% of the fatty acids of MGD, the most abundant chloroplast lipid. The atypical fatty acid A3,trans-hexadecenoate (trans-l6 l) is present as a component of the major thylakoid phospholipid, PG. The fact that these and other characteristics of chloroplast lipids are common to most or all higher plant species suggests that the lipid fatty acid composition is important for maintaining photosynthetic function. 

Lipids. Representative fatty acid compositions of the unprocessed triglyceride oils found in the four oilseeds are given in Table 4 (see Fats and FATTY oils). Cottonseed, peanut, and sundower oils are classified as oleic—linoleic acid oils because of the high (>50%) content of these fatty acids. Although the oleic and linoleic acid content of soybean oils is high, it is distinguished from the others by a content of 4—10% of linolenic acid, and hence is called a linolenic acid oil. 

Fatty Acid Compositions of Some Dietary Lipids ... 

Membranes are composed of phospholipids and proteins. The fatty acid composition of the phospholipids in a membrane influences how it is affected by the cold. In general, as the temperature of a cell is lowered the lipids in the membrane bilayer undergo a phase transition from a liquid crystalline (fluid) state to a gel (more solid) state. The temperature at which this transition takes place is very narrow for phospholipids composed of a simple mixture of fatty acids, but is quite broad for the phospholipids in cellular membranes. It is usually implied from various methods... 

Peroxidation of lipids is another factor which must be considered in the safety evaluation of liposome administration. Smith and coworkers (1983) demonstrated that lipid peroxides can play an important role in liver toxicity. Allen et al. (1984) showed that liposomes protected by an antioxidant caused less MPS impairment than liposomes subjected to mild oxidizing conditions. From the study of Kunimoto et al. (1981) it can be concluded that the level of peroxidation in freshly prepared liposome preparations and those on storage strongly depends both on the phospholipid fatty acid composition and on the head group of the phospholipid. Addition of appropriate antioxidants to liposomes composed of lipids which are liable to peroxidation and designed for use in human studies is therefore necessary. 

Exposures of 10 weeks (5 days/week) to 2,500 mg/kg/day trichloroethylene in com oil by gavage resulted in altered myelin thickness in the rat mental nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve (Barret et al. 1991). Effects of similar exposures on the rat trigeminal nerve included decreased fiber diameter and altered fatty acid composition in total lipid extracts, indicative of demyelination (Barret et al. 1992). Stronger effects were seen with the trichloroethylene decomposition product dichloroacetylene. 

MARCKMANN p, sandstrOm b, jespersen J (1990) Effect of total fat content and fatty acid composition in diet on factor Vll coagulant activity and blood lipids, Atherosclerosis, 80, 227-33. 

Ethanol and choline glycerolipids were isolated from calf brain and beef heart lipids by PTLC using silica gel H plates. Pure ethanol amine and choline plasmalogens were obtained with a yield of 80% [74]. Four phosphohpid components in the purple membrane (Bacteriorhodopsin) of Halobacterium halobium were isolated and identified by PTLC. Separated phosphohpids were add-hydrolyzed and further analyzed by GC. Silica gel G pates were used to fractionate alkylglycerol according to the number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic moiety [24]. Sterol esters, wax esters, free sterols, and polar lipids in dogskin hpids were separated by PTLC. The fatty acid composition of each group was determined by GC. 

After the extraction of lipid and nonlipid components from the leaves of mandarin orange Citrus reticulata, the lipid fraction was further separated by PTLC to determine different lipid classes that affect the chemical deterrence of C. reticulata to the leaf cutting ecat Acromyrmex octopinosus. These lipids seem to be less attractive to the ants [81a]. The metabolism of palmitate in the peripheral nerves of normal and Trembler mice was studied, and the polar lipid fraction purified by PTLC was used to determine the fatty acid composition. It was found that the fatty acid composition of the polar fraction was abnormal, correlating with the decreased overall palmitate elongation and severely decreased synthesis of saturated long-chain fatty acids (in mutant nerves) [81b]. 

It is easier to abstract a hydrogen atom and initiate lipid peroxidation from a fatty acid that has bis-allylic centres than from a fatty-acid side chain with only one double bond. It follows, therefore, that fatty-acid composition should influence the ability of a molecule such as LDL to act as a substrate for peroxidation. The potential... 

Esterbauer et cil. (1992) have studied the in vitro effects of copper on LDL oxidation and have shown that there are three distinct stages in this process. In the first part of the reaction, the rate of oxidation is low and this period is often referred to as the lag phase the lag phase is apparently dependent on the endogenous antioxidant content of the LDL, the lipid hydroperoxide content of the LDL particle and the fatty acid composition. In the second or propagation phase of the reaction, the rate of oxidation is much faster and independent of the initial antioxidant status of the LDL molecule. Ultimately, the termination reactions predominate and suppress the peroxidation process. The extensive studies of Esterbauer et al. have demonstrated the relative importance of the endogenous antioxidants within the LDL molecule in protecting it from oxidative modification. 

Babin, F., Lemonnier, F., Goguelin, A., AlagiUe, D. and Lemonnier, A. (1988). Plasma fatty acid composition and lipid peroxide levels in children with paucity of interlobular bile ducts. Annu. Rev. Metab. 32, 220-230. 

Jahan K., Paterson A. and Spickett C.M. (2004). Fatty acid composition, antioxidants and lipid oxidation in chicken breasts from different production regimes , International Journal of Food Science Technology, 39, 443 453. 

Nilzen V, Babol J, Dutta P C, Lundeheim N, Enfalt A-C and Lundstrom K (2001), Free range rearing of pigs with access to pasture grazing-effect on fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation products , Meat Sci, 58, 267-275. 

Each phospholipid class in a given tissue has a characteristic fatty acid composition. Though the same fatty acid may be present in a number of lipids, the quantitative fatty acid composition is different for each class of lipids and remains fairly constant during the growth and development of the brain. A typical distribution profile of the major fatty acids in rat brain phospholipids is given in Table 3.1. Not only do the phosphoglycerides differ in the structure of the polar head groups, or phospholipid... 

There exists an unusual uniformity in the fatty acid composition of the inositol lipids. All three of the major phosphoinositides are enriched in the 1-stearoyl, 2-arachidonoyl ( ST/AR ) sn-glycerol species (=80% in brain). The polyphosphoinositides (PI4P and PI(4,5)P2) are present in much lower amounts than PI. PI(4,5)P2 has been shown to be predominantly, although not... 

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