Lipids long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

When trans-fatty acids are fed to rats with adequate amounts of essential fatty acids, they have little effect on growth, longevity, or reproduction, but when fed as the sole source of lipids they exaggerate the symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency (111). An effect on the metabolism of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids was noted however. 

Pamova, P.G. (1986). Lipids of insecta. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and their functional role (In Russian). Zhumal Evolutsionnoy Biokhimii i Physiologii 22,74-83. 

Ackman, R.G. and Cunnane, S.C. (1992) Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids sources, biochemistry, and nutritional/clinical applications. Adv. Appl. Lipid Res., 1, 161-215. 

Amate, L., Ramirez, M. and Gil, A. (1999) Positional analysis of triglycerides and phospholipids rich in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids, 34, 865-871. 

The major differences between the lipids of bovine and human milk are in fatty acid composition and triacylglycerol structure. Bovine milk contains substantial quantities of C4 o-Ci0 o, about 2% Cis 2 and almost no other long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid composition is not altered by ordinary changes in diet. Human milk contains very little C4 o-C10 o, 10-14%i (w/w of fat) Ci8 2, and small quantities of other polyunsaturates. The triacylglycerol structure differs, with much of the sn-2 position in human milk lipids occupied by C16 0 and the sn-2 position of bovine milk-fat occupied by C4 o-Ci0 o-... 

The main effect of riboflavin deficiency is on lipid metabolism. In experimental animals on a riboflavin-free diet, feeding a high-fat diet leads to more marked impairment of growth, and a higher requirement for riboflavin to restore growth. There are also changes in the patterns of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane phospholipids. 

Damude HG, Kinney AJ. Engineering oilseed plants for a sustainable, land-based source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids 2007 42 179-185. 

Karanian JW, Kim HY, and Salem N Jr. (1996). The structure-activity relationship of lipoxygenase products of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids effects on human piglet aggregation, lipids. 31 (Suppl), S305-308. 

Pawlosky R, Barnes A, Salem N Jr. Essential fatty acid metabolism in the feline relationship between hver and brain production of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Lipid Res 1994 35(11), 2032-2040. 

First, several reports over the last 25 yr show that carbon recycling from a-linolenate in neonatal rats and near-term primate fetuses consumes the majority of a-linolenate that is not used as a fuel. Second, a-linolenate cannot be synthesized de novo by mammals and is the main dietary precursor to the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), eicosapentaenoate (20 5n-3) and docosahexaenoate (22 6n-3), which have important regulatory and membrane functions, respectively. Thus, a-linolenate is a vitamin-like nutrient that would not be expected to be easily p-oxidized or extensively carbon recycled into other lipids when it already has an important precursor role for membrane components needed for normal development of the visual and nervous systems. 

Gavino GR, Gavino VC. Rat liver outer mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity towards long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the CoA esters. Lipids 1991 26 266-270. 

By feeding nutritionally adequate diets, dietary intake of 18 2n-6, 18 3n-3, or the proportion of 18 2n-6 to 18 3n-3, particularly during development, has been shown to influence the content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane lipids by changing the composition of the whole brain, oligodendrocytes, myelin, astrocytes mitochondrial, microsomal, and synaptosomal membrane (Bourre et al., 1984 Foot et al., 1982 Lamptey Walker, 1976 Tahin et al., 1981). Feeding diets with a 18 2n-6 to 18 3n-3 fatty acid ratio between 4 1 and 7 1 to rats from birth to 1, 2, 3, and 6 wk of... 

Membrane lipids constitute 50-60% of the solid matter in the brain (O Brien, 1986), and phospholipids are quantitatively the most significant component of membrane lipids (Crawford and Sinclair, 1972). A major proportion of brain phospholipids contain long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of the two essential fatty acid classes, n-6 and n-3 (Crawford et al., 1976, O Brien et al., 1964). These fatty acids usually occupy the sn-2 position of the brain phospholipid molecules. Normally, docosahexaenoic acid (22 6n-3, DHA) is the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acid of the phospholipids of the cerebral cortex and retina. The primate brain gradually accumulates its full complement of DHA during intrauterine life and during the first year after birth (Clandinin et al., 1980a, Clandinin et al., 1980b). 

Weisinger HS, Vingrys AJ, Sinclair AJ. Dietary manipulation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina and brain of guinea pigs. Lipids 1995 30 471-473. 

Makrides, M. and Gibson, R.A., 2001, Specific requirements for n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for preterm and term infants Eur. J. Lipid Sci. TechnoL, 103, 373. 

Weisinger, H.S., Vingrys, A.J., and Sinclair, A.J. (1995) Dietary Manipulation of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Retina and Brain of Guinea Pigs, Lipids 30,471- 473. 

Iverson, S.J., Sampugna, J., and Oftedal, O.T. (1992) Positional Specificity of Gastric Hydrolysis of Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of Seal Milk Triglycerides, Lipids 27, 870-878. 

Bottino, N.R., Vandenburg, G.A., and Reriser, R. (1967) Resistance of Certain Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of Marine Oils to Pancreatic Lipase Hydrolysis, Lipids 2, 489-493. 

Odden, N., Narce, M., Hagve, T.-A., and Poisson, J.-P. (1999) Hypertension Affects the Metabolism of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Kidney Cells from Rat, Chem. Phys. Lipids 101,... 

Concentration of Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) in the Total Lipids and Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) of Rat, Pig, and Monkey Flearts... 

In principle however, this method should be portable to other mass spectrometer systems capable of chemical ionization and tandem mass spectrometry. An [M+54] ion was reported using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) with a predominantly acetonitrile solvent while analyzing extremely long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (16). Such an observation is promising for the use of this method for the analysis of low- or nonvolatile lipids, such as triglycerides and phospholipids. 

GISBERT E, VILLENUEVE L, ZAMBONESTO-INFANTE J.L, QUAZUGUEL P, CAHU C.L (2005) Dietary phospholipids are more efficient than neutral hpids for long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supply in european sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax larval development. Lipids, 40, 609-618. 

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