Lipid patterned

Figure 39, A lipid pattern from normal serum which has been scanned for density of the thin-layer chromatograph, showing the various peaks, P, phospholipids C, cholesterol F, free fatty acids S, internal standard, T, triglycerides CE, cholesterol esters.

Jackson, B. L. and Groves, J. T. (2007) Hybrid protein-lipid patterns from aluminum templates. Langmuir, 23, 2052-2057. 

The analytical techniques proposed in the literature generally give reliable information on lipids present in the paint layer. However, the presence of lipid mixtures and of particular environmental conservation conditions may affect the lipid pattern to such an extent that their identification may be very difficult and sometimes erroneous. Thus, a multianalytical approach is recommended which integrates chromatographic data with techniques such as mapping based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy or SIM on cross-sections, in order to better understand the distribution of lipids in the various paint layers. 

Black et al. (1994) first reported that raloxifene was effective in terms of bone loss prevention and lipid pattern without any stimulatory effect on the uterus. Specifically, the histological examination of uteri from ovariectomized rats treated with raloxifene alone shows poor effects on myometrial thickness and a uterine weight slightly higher than untreated ovariectomized rats (Black et al. 1994). 

By means of this method, a variety of Ras proteins with different lipidation patterns could be synthesized in multimilligram amounts. For instance, proteins were generated with the natural lipid combination, i.e. a farnesyl thioether and a palmitoyl thioester. Furthermore, analogous proteins were synthesized embodying only one lipid residue in which either the farnesyl- or the palmitoyl group was replaced by a stable hexadecyl thioether. In addition, proteins were built up containing a serine instead of a cysteine residue at the critical sites which normally are lipidated. In a further series of experiments, lipidated Ras proteins which carry a fluorescent Mant group incorporated into the farnesyl-type modification were synthesized.1251... 

Fig. 17. Principle of separation of IMCL and EMCL signal contributions by deconvolution and analysis of the field distribution, (a) Right cut-off spectrum out of the SOL muscle. Left MFD of the lipids calculated by deconvolution with aid of a reference lipid spectrum out of yellow tibial bone marrow, (b) Left fitted IMCL part of the MFD. Right corresponding convolution with the characteristic lipid pattern A. (c) Left resulting EMCL part of the MFD. Right corresponding convolution with the characteristic lipid pattern A. (d) Left residual of fitting the MFD.

Both marine and freshwater fish are often overfed in fish farms, so their own lipids are less likely to follow changes in the dietary lipid pattern. In the natural state, the influence of food on the lipids of the tissues is somewhat blurred by the fact that some of the tissue lipids are generated from carbohydrates and proteins in the diet and so synthesized de novo. In his classic work, Lovem (1964) showed that the impact of food on the fatty acid composition of herring lipids was most pronounced during intensive feeding. In winter, at the end of that period, the fatty acid composition became different from that of the zooplankton on which the fish had been feeding earlier. 

Recently work on glyco- and lipoproteins was presented by Keler-Bacoka, and several lipid patterns were described, which are different from those obtained in zone electrophoresis (Kl). Our own experience with glyco- and lipoproteins runs parallel (Fig. 58), and this may prove the sound theoretical basis of the proposed technique, in a field where zone electrophoresis has given so many contradictory results (see Tables 10 and 11). 

Primary Results Morphology Population Distribution Chemical Patterns Elemental Composition Macromolecular Composition Lipid pattern Protein Pattern Small Key Metabolites Enzyme Activities Stress Markers... 

Lipid pattern by GC Elemental composition by specific analysis... 

NADH by fluorescence Raman (Micro-) Spectroscopy Infrared Spectroscopy Pyrolysis Mass Spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy Lipid pattern by GC Some Small key metabolites Some enzyme activities Stress markers by electrophoresis or mRNA blot Small key metabolites... 

Alterations in serum lipid patterns The p-blockers may disturb lipid metabolism, decreasing high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and increasing plasma triacylglycerol. 

Peel off parylene layer to reveal lipid pattern... 

Despite the limited number of extreme thermophile species that have been examined for lipids, it appears that a few genera. Thermoplasma, Sulfolobus, Thermoproteus, Desulfurococcus, Thermococcus and Pyrococcus may be distinguished by their glycolipid and phosphoglycolipid compositions. However, it should be noted that genera in the Order Sulfolobales examined so far, such as Sulfolobus, Desulfurolobus and Metallosphaera have very similar lipid patterns, and it would be difficult to differentiate between them on the basis only of their lipids. 

G. Platelet membrane fluidity and platelet membrane lipid pattern in essential hypertenaoa Am. J. Hypeiten. 8,82-86,1993. 

Bories, P.N., Campillo, B. One-month regular oral nutrition in alco-hohc cirrhotic patients. Changes of nutritional status, hepatic function and serum lipid pattern. Brit. X Nutrit. 1994 72 937—946... 

Further evidence has been presented that a strong association exists between smoking and atherosclerosis. Increased mortality is seen in smokers j although the correlation between smoking and serum lipid patterns is not clear. A study by the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York has shown that physical activity plays a role. The least active smoker has an incidence of rapidly fatal myocardial Infarction which is nine times that found among the most active smokers. A rapid rise in free fatty acid is seen and an enhanced utilization of fatty acids occurs in smokers apparently due to nicotine ingestion. The relationship of this fatty acid rise to myocardial infarction is uncertain. 

Fig. 12 Schematic representation of polymerized lipid patterning in a capillary, a SUVs prepared using bis-SorbPC are fused to the inner capillary surface to create a uniform supported bilayer, b The bilayer is polymerized via UV irradiation through a photomask placed over the capillary, c Unpolymerized lipid is removed from the capillary to yield a poly(lipid) pattern, d SUVs composed of other lipids are then fused into the bare silica regions between poly(bis-SorbPC) structures, generating chemically functionalized patterns. Reprinted with permission from [96]. Copyright 2007, American Chemical Society...

Fig. 29 A barcode of three different chemical functionalities formed in a silica capillary via spatially-selective polymerization. It consists of segments of poly(bis-SorbPC) doped with Rhodamine-capped DPPE (red), poly(bis-SorbPC) doped with NBD-capped DOPE (green), and DOPC doped with Ni2+-charged DOGS-NTA. After the lipid pattern was formed, 6xHis-tagged Cerulean, a blue fluorescent protein, was injected into the capillary and bound selectively to the immobilized Ni2+ (blue). The capillary inner diameter is 50 pm. Reprinted with permission from [96]. Copyright 2007, American Chemical Society...

The existence of such an abnormality would not necessarily imply that the sterol concentration of the cancer cells must be different from that of the normal cells of origin. However, a decrease in the cholesterol/phospholipid (C/PL) ratio of leukaemic cells as compared to normal cells has been reported [194-197]. Gottfried suggested that the altered lipid patterns found in leukaemic cells reflected cell immaturity [195]. All these lipid analyses were performed in whole cell extracts it is uncertain whether the difference in C/PL ratio was due to alteration in the lipid composition of cell surface membranes or to differences in the relative content of various intracellular membranes between normal and leukaemic cells. Membranes from nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and other intracellular membranes contain phospholipid, but insignificant amounts of cholesterol, or none at all. Ideally, analysis of the lipids of isolated cell membranes from normal and tumour cells is necessary if firm conclusions concerning the nature of the changes in lipid composition are to be made. 

As noted above, lipids exist in a number of intermediate physical states or mesomorphs between the crystalline solid and the isotropic liquid. The stability of these phases depend on temperature and composition and each lipids pattern of dependency is conveniently described in the form of an isobaric temperature-composition phase diagram. Over the past few years two new and related methods of collecting mesomorphic phase information which are less time-consuming and more efficient... 

Effect of Psyllium and Other Fiber Sources on Various Parameters of Gastrointestinal Tract Activity, Fece Composition, and Blood Lipid Patterns of Humans... 

The response of serum lipid patterns in healthy young men to the ingestion of HEAR oil and LEAR oil was studied in a series of four metabolic studies in the Department of Foods and Nutrition at the University of Manitoba. The subjects, who were either students or employees of the University, resided In their own homes and maintained their usual activity patterns but ate all their meals in the Department. The experimental diets in these studies were designed so dietary fat could be carefully controlled and yet the diets consist of familiar foods (Bruce and McDonald, 1977). Fat supplied about 38-40% of the total energy in the diets, with the specific fat being studied supplying about 95% of this total. The diets consisted of customary foods but contained no meat. Textured soybean protein, egg albumen, and skim milk were the main protein sources. Soy protein was incorporated into en-... 

The first two metabolic studies compared the effects of HEAR and LEAR oils, when eaten as the sole source of added dietary fat, on serum lipid patterns (McDonald et al., 1974). Each study was divided into three phases a 9 day preliminary period when dietary fat was supplied by a mixture of fats typical of Canadian diets a 22 day experimental period when either LEAR oil and margarine or HEAR oil and margarine supplied the fat in the diet and an 8 day postexperimental period when the mixed fat again was eaten. The fatty acid compositions of the diets are shown in Table II. 

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